分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 ? - 300 m (Ref. 4426). ; 46°N - 30°N, 8°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: known only from the Mediterranean but may penetrate through the Strait of Gibraltar and possibly to northern Morocco. Some Atlantic records probably misidentifications of Raja naevus and/or Raja africana.
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 70.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4426)
Range from coastal waters to about 300 m depth (Ref. 3167). Feed on all kinds of bottom animals (Ref. 3167). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). About 80-154 eggs are laid by an individual in a year (Ref. 41305).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Spawns throughout the year with maximum number of egg-cases laid in late spring and summer, embryos developing in about 4 months (Ref. 3167). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A4b); Date assessed: 25 March 2016
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.4 - 18.4, mean 15 °C (based on 128 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00331 (0.00209 - 0.00525), b=3.20 (3.07 - 3.33), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.54 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec=80).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 27.4 [5.4, 126.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.815 [0.213, 2.369] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [15.3, 21.6] %; Omega3 = 0.723 [0.220, 2.585] g/100g; Selenium = 24.6 [7.1, 73.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.78 [3.77, 24.88] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.587 [0.285, 1.067] mg/100g (wet weight);
