Teleostei (teleosts) > Perciformes/Zoarcoidei (Eelpouts and pricklebacks) > Pholidae (Gunnels) > Pholinae
Etymology: Pholis: Greek, pholis, -idos = scale (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Marine; brackish; demersal; non-migratory; depth range 0 - 100 m (Ref. 48978) usually 0 - 30 m (Ref. 35388); polar; 72°N - 43°N76°W - 45°E.

North Atlantic: Kanin Peninsula southward to La Rochelle (including White Sea, North Sea and Baltic), also Iceland, but not eastern Greenland, Spitzbergen or Novaya Zemlya. Western Atlantic: Labrador, Canada to Delaware Bay, USA (Ref. 7251).

Maturity: L_m ?, range ? - ? cm
Max length: 25.0 cm SL male/unsexed (Ref. 4693); max. reported age: 5 years (Ref. 72462).

Occurs in shallow waters (seashore, tide pools), but descends (especially in winter) to 100 m or more. May remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds (Ref. 31184). Feeds on small crustaceans, polychaetes, mollusks and fish eggs. The eggs are laid on the sea bed in a large clump, which is closely guarded until hatched (Ref. 9900). Breathes air when out of water (Ref. 31184). Spawning occur in November - January . Female lays 80-200 eggs in a large ball under a stone or in an empty bivalve shell (Ref. 35388).

Male and female coil around the egg ball (Ref. 58332).

Makushok, V.M. 1986 Pholididae. p. 1124-1125. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4693)

  Not Evaluated

Not Evaluated

Not Evaluated

  Harmless

• Countries
• FAO areas
• Ecosystems
• Occurrences
• Introductions
• Stocks
• Ecology
• Diet
• Food items
• Food consumption
• Ration
• Common names
• Synonyms
• Metabolism
• Predators
• Ecotoxicology
• Reproduction
• Maturity
• Spawning
• Spawning aggregation
• Fecundity
• Eggs
• Egg development
• Age/Size
• Growth
• Length-weight
• Length-length
• Length-frequencies
• Morphometrics
• Morphology
• Larvae
• Larval dynamics
• Recruitment
• Abundance
• References
• Aquaculture
• Aquaculture profile
• Strains
• Genetics
• Allele frequencies
• Heritability
• Diseases
• Processing
• Mass conversion
• Vision
• Pictures
• Stamps, Coins Misc.
• Sounds
• Ciguatera
• Speed
• Swim. type
• Gill area
• Otoliths
• Brains

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 4.3 - 11.9, mean 9.5 °C (based on 692 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00209 (0.00111 - 0.00393), b=3.17 (3.00 - 3.34), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; Based on food items.

Resilience (Ref. 120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (tm=1-3; K=0.18-0.29; tmax=12).

Fishing vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100).

Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 45.4 [22.6, 102.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.459 [0.178, 0.913] mg/100g; Protein = 17.6 [16.6, 18.6] %; Omega3 = 0.25 [0.12, 0.51] g/100g; Selenium = 11 [4, 27] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.6 [2.9, 73.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.637 [0.420, 0.952] mg/100g (wet weight);