Teleostei (teleosts) > Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) > Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Protonibea: Greek, protos = the first + see under Nibea
More on author: Lacepède.

Marine; brackish; demersal; depth range 5 - 100 m (Ref. 43239); tropical; 40°N - 28°S47°E - 154°E.

Indo-West Pacific: west coast of the Persian Gulf and along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka, north to Japan and south through the Philippines and Borneo to New Guinea and northern Australia.

Maturity: L_m ?, range 85 - ? cm
Max length: 165 cm TL (female); common length: 100 cm SL male/unsexed (Ref. 9772); max. published weight: 22.9 kg; max. reported age: 8 years (Ref. 72458).

Dorsal spines (total): 10 - 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 22 - 25; Anal spines: 2; Anal soft rays: 7. 7-8 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch.

Found in coastal waters over muddy bottoms, off the sea-bed. Ascend tidal rivers and estuaries (Ref. 9772). Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. Also caught with bottom trawls (Ref. 9772). Sold fresh and dried salted (swim bladder) in markets. An important food fish. Minimum depth range based on occurrence (Ref. 118911).

Lal Mohan, R.S. 1984 Sciaenidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Vol. 4. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 3490)

  Near Threatened (NT), A2b; date assessed: July 30 2018

Not Evaluated

Not Evaluated

  Harmless

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Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 24.6 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1838 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 1 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00538 - 0.01228), b=3.07 (2.95 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.5 ±0.6 se; Based on diet studies.

Resilience (Ref. 120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.29-0.52; tmax=8).

Fishing vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (45 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Medium; Very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family.

Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 40.5 [14.2, 156.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.578 [0.238, 1.642] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.3, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.206 [0.112, 0.346] g/100g; Selenium = 84.9 [44.5, 168.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.38 [2.40, 34.23] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.722 [0.405, 1.471] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.