Teleostei (teleosts) > Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Engraulidae (Anchovies) > Engraulinae
Etymology: Encrasicholina: Greek, egkrasicholos, -os, -on = mixed with spleen
More on author: Fowler.

Marine; reef-associated; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 5 - 35 m (Ref. 86942); tropical; 42°N - 35°S30°E - 140°E (Ref. 189).

Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and Persian Gulf south to perhaps Durban in South Africa, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and probably Burma. Also from southern Japan to China, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia south to Brisbane, Australia, Japan eastward to Hawaii, the Solomon Islands, Fiji, Samoa and Tahiti.

Maturity: L_m ?, range 7 - ? cm
Max length: 13.0 cm TL male/unsexed (Ref. 189).

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 12 - 15; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 14 - 17. Belly rounded with 3 to 6 sharp needle-like pre-pelvic scutes. Maxilla tip blunt, scarcely projecting beyond second supra-maxilla, not reaching to front border of pre-operculum. Isthmus short, preceded by small fleshy plate on urohyal between branchial membranes. Anal fin short, its origin behind base of last dorsal fin ray.

Epipelagic (Ref. 58302). A schooling species found inshore and in oceanic waters, hundreds of miles from land. Sometimes entering large atoll lagoons or deep, clear bays. Ranks among the most important food (bait) for tuna and other large pelagic fishes (Ref. 1602). Processed into nuoc-mam, a kind of fish pickle, in Indo-China (Ref. 4929).

Spawn in school (Ref. 205).

Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana 1988 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)

  Least Concern (LC); date assessed: February 28 2017

Not Evaluated

Not Evaluated

  Harmless

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Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 24.7 - 29.2, mean 28.3 °C (based on 928 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00307 - 0.00746), b=3.26 (3.13 - 3.39), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.4 ±0.5 se; Based on food items.

Resilience (Ref. 120179): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=1.1-2.0).

Fishing vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low vulnerability (12 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Medium; Very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family.

Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 124 [38, 413] mg/100g; Iron = 1.16 [0.41, 3.17] mg/100g; Protein = 20 [17, 22] %; Omega3 = 0.323 [0.144, 0.762] g/100g; Selenium = 37.7 [12.9, 120.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 49.4 [9.8, 236.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.28 [0.70, 3.00] mg/100g (wet weight);