Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 10 - 100 m. Subtropical; 37°N - 10°N, 98°W - 73°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina to southern Florida in the USA and the entire Gulf of Mexico.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 18 - ? cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251); common length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3815)
Found mainly on sedimentary bottoms from 10 and 100 m depth.
Sex reversal, from female to male, occurs primarily at 18-25 cm FL (Ref. 5878).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.7 - 27.5, mean 24.8 °C (based on 216 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03311 (0.01927 - 0.05691), b=2.98 (2.84 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (K=0.23; tmax=12; tm=1; Fec=>30,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 77.9 [35.3, 143.3] mg/100g; Iron = 1.12 [0.59, 2.40] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [18.1, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.316 [0.182, 0.541] g/100g; Selenium = 25.3 [11.3, 55.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.6 [3.3, 56.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.521 [0.325, 0.791] mg/100g (wet weight);
