Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 50 - 854 m (Ref. 52581). Subtropical; 28°S - 50°S, 180°W - 180°E
Circumglobal in southern waters: (Ref. 7300): South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Kermadec I., Desventuradas Is., Juan Fernandez Is., Chile, north to southern Brazil, Tristan da Cunha.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 88.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 160 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 89467); common length : 100.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9258); max. published weight: 100.0 kg (Ref. 4537); max. reported age: 60 years (Ref. 41439)
A deepwater species, occurs in seamounts (Ref. 89357). Adults occur generally over rough ground from the central shelf (about 100 m) to the shelf edge and down to the upper slope. Juveniles are found in surface waters, perhaps school in association with drifting weed. Feed on barracouta and pilchards, in addition to various bottom-dwelling fish. Are primary gonochorists (Ref. 58421). Preyed upon by sperm whales (Ref. 9072). It is taken by droplining down to 400 m, and is sometimes seen in the trawled catch. Utilized fresh and frozen; can be steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Severely overfished (Ref. 89357).
Are primary gonochorists (Ref. 58421).
Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989. Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p. (Ref. 7300)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 8.6 - 16, mean 11.7 °C (based on 143 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.8125 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00765 - 0.01501), b=3.00 (2.90 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.77 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (tm=10-13; tmax=60).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34 [20, 61] mg/100g; Iron = 0.904 [0.538, 1.528] mg/100g; Protein = 21 [20, 22] %; Omega3 = 0.563 [0.318, 1.046] g/100g; Selenium = 55.6 [29.6, 108.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.09 [3.16, 24.94] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.368 [0.267, 0.532] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
