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Elopiformes (Tarpons and tenpounders)
海鰱目 (Tarpons and tenpounders) >
Megalopidae (Tarpons)
大眼海鰱科 (Tarpons)
Etymology: Megalops: Greek, megas, megalos = great + Greek, ops = appearance (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 非產卵性溯降河的; 深度上下限 1 - 50 m (Ref. 86942). 熱帶; 34°N - 37°S, 16°E - 130°W
Indo-Pacific: Persian Gulf (Ref. 68964), Red Sea and Natal, South Africa (Ref. 3969) to the Society Islands, north to southern Korea, south to the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819) and New South Wales. Restricted to high islands (Palau, Caroline and Mariana islands) in Micronesia. Reported as far inland as the lower Shire in Malawi and the Save-Runde junction in Zimbabwe (Ref. 7248, 52193). Widespread in the Lower Zambezi River channels up to Marromeu and in the Micelo River up to Malingapanzi (Ref. 39494). South China Sea, Taiwan Strait, and East China Sea(Ref.33302).
印度-太平洋: 紅海與南非的納塔爾 (參考文獻 3969) 到社會群島,北至韓國南部, 南至阿拉弗拉海 (參考文獻 9819) 與新南威爾斯。 在密克羅尼西亞侷限於高的島 (帛琉，加羅林群島與馬里亞納群島)了。 在辛巴威的馬拉威與 Save-Runde 合流處遙遠地在內陸被記錄為如雪利河下游了。 (參考文獻 7248) 廣泛分佈於三比河峽道向上到 Marromeu 下游與在 Micelo 河向上到 Malingapanzi 中.(參考文獻 39494)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 25 - ? cm
Max length : 150 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 1479); common length : 30.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7017); common length :45.5 cm SL (female); 最大體重: 18.0 kg (Ref. 13337); 最大年齡: 44 年 (Ref. 72487)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 16 - 21; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 23 - 31.
下頜突出超過吻; 一個骨質喉盤在頜硬骨之間呈現。 最後的背鰭鰭條長而絲狀的; 腹地位於胸鰭; 腹部的腹鰭有 9個或更多鰭條。 鰓蓋條超過 23. 鱗片大的。 背部藍綠色; 銀色的在側邊上。 能容忍缺氧的水被呼吸' 進入一個像肺一樣的氣管之內的空氣。 也參考文獻 3969.
Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Adults are generally found at sea, but young inhabit river mouths, inner bays, and mangrove forests. In freshwater, they occur in rivers, lagoons, lakes, and swampy backwaters (Ref. 2847, 44894). Tolerate a wide pH range (5.2-9.1) (Ref. 44894) and salinities from 0 to 100. Mainly diurnal (Ref. 7017). Predaceous, feeding mainly on fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 5213). Breed offshore, possibly throughout the year. Larvae are transparent and resemble larval eels (Ref. 13337), but with a forked tail (Ref. 167). Juveniles commonly enter freshwater (Ref. 44894, 48635) in clear or turbid water (Ref. 44894). Known to breath air, rising regularly to the surface to do so. Cultured in ponds, the fry being sourced from the coasts (Ref. 7050). Popular angling fish (Ref. 3969). Edible but not esteemed (Ref. 3969). Caught by gill nets, seines, and trawls, and by hook-and-line; marketed fresh and dried salted (Ref. 10982).
成魚是通常發現於的海洋，但是幼魚居住於河口，海灣內與紅樹林森林。 在淡水中，他們出現在河，潟湖，湖與沼澤的洄水區。 (參考文獻 2847,44894) 容忍寬的酸鹼度範圍 (5.2-9.1)(參考文獻 44894) 與鹽度從 0 到 100 。 主要日行性.(參考文獻 7017) 食肉的, 主要捕食魚與甲殼動物.(參考文獻 5213) 繁殖外海, 可能地全年度。 仔魚是透明的而且與幼蟲的鰻魚 (參考文獻 13337) 相似, 但是有一個分叉的尾部.(參考文獻 167) 稚魚通常在清澈或混濁的水進入淡水 (參考文獻 44894,48635) 。 (參考文獻 44894) 已知.呼吸空氣, 經常地對表面升起這麼做。 養殖在距離海岸被來源的池塘，魚苗中.。 (參考文獻 7050) 受歡迎的垂釣魚種.(參考文獻 3969) 可食用的但是不讚賞.(參考文獻 3969)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-太平洋: 紅海與南非的納塔爾 (參考文獻 3969) 到社會群島,北至韓國南部, 南至阿拉弗拉海 (參考文獻 9819) 與新南威爾斯。 在密克羅尼西亞侷限於高的島 (帛琉，加羅林群島與馬里亞納群島)了。 在辛巴威的馬拉威與 Save-Runde 合流處遙遠地在內陸被記錄為如雪利河下游了。 (參考文獻 7248) 廣泛分佈於三比河峽道向上到 Marromeu 下游與在 Micelo 河向上到 Malingapanzi 中.(參考文獻 39494)
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1984. Megalopidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 3. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3463)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.8 - 27.6, mean 24.4 °C (based on 501 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00741 (0.00528 - 0.01040), b=3.07 (2.97 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Assuming tm<=4).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 44.8 [26.3, 77.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.672 [0.410, 1.048] mg/100g; Protein = 17.1 [14.3, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.217 [0.122, 0.396] g/100g; Selenium = 71.1 [41.2, 135.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15 [6, 33] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.06 [0.78, 1.46] mg/100g (wet weight);
