Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển; Nước ngọt; Thuộc về nước lợ gần đáy; Di cư sông biển (để đẻ trứng) (Ref. 46888); Mức độ sâu 10 - ? m (Ref. 3791). Subtropical; 32°N - 51°S
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Florida (USA), Bahamas, and throughout the Caribbean Sea to Argentina.
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm 35.0, range 40 - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 5217); 69.0 cm TL (female); common length : 40.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 5217); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 9.0 kg (Ref. 5217)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 5; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 8; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 3; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 8.
Inhabit coastal marine waters and brackish estuaries (Ref. 3791); also found in hyper-saline lagoons and may enter freshwater (Ref. 5217). Never far from the sea (Ref. 3791). Form sizeable schools (Ref. 3791). Appear to undergo trophic migrations along the coasts (Ref. 35237). Feed on organic detritus and filamentous algae (Ref. 9626). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Spawn several million eggs (Ref. 35237) at sea (Ref. 3791). Also caught with beach nets (Ref. 5217). Marketed fresh and salted (Ref. 5217). The roe is marketed salt-pickled and dried and considered a delicacy (Ref. 5217).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.5 - 27.7, mean 25.5 °C (based on 280 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01047 (0.00905 - 0.01211), b=2.95 (2.92 - 2.98), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (K=0.11-0.24; assuming tm=2-3).
Prior r = 0.33, 95% CL = 0.22 - 0.50, Based on 7 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (57 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 152 [57, 453] mg/100g; Iron = 2.51 [0.46, 11.24] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [18.3, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.464 [0.221, 1.025] g/100g; Selenium = 60.8 [21.7, 208.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.03 [1.72, 21.87] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.73 [0.83, 4.23] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.