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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Haemulidae (Grunts) > Haemulinae
Etymology: Haemulon: Greek, haimaleos = bloody (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Franz Steindachner (1834–1919) was an Austrian zoologist who specialised in herpetology and ichthyology. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on authors: Jordan & Gilbert.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino associati a barriera corallina; distribuzione batimetrica 0 - 50 m (Ref. 9626). Tropical; 25°N - 23°S
Western Atlantic: Panama to Santa Catarina, Brazil (Ref. 57756). Eastern Pacific: Mexico to Peru (Ref. 5530).
Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 7251); common length : 20.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 3798); peso massimo pubblicato: 300.00 g (Ref. 5217)
Spine dorsali (totale) : 12; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 16; Spine anali: 3; Raggi anali molli: 9. Body oblong, compressed and not very deep (depth contained 2.5 to 2.9 times in standard length); mouth large and terminal, its posterior end located at the same level as the posterior edge of the pupil; first gill arch with 19 to 25 gill rakers; dorsal fin notched, with 11 to 12 spines and 15 to 17 soft rays (XI-XII, 15-17); second anal spine slightly longer and stronger than third; scale series above lateral line oblique; body dark brown or silver gray; each scale bearing a pearly gray spot, the spots appearing to form lines following the scale series; lower part of preopercle with a black spot; caudal peduncle with a large dark spot; fins grayish (Ref. 55763). Scales below lateral line oblique; anal fin more heavily scaled than other species; silvery gray or brown on back, silvery on sides, with dark lines following oblique scale rows; a large black spot at caudal base (Ref. 13442).
Found over sandy and rubble bottoms; occasionally on coral reefs and rocky areas (Ref. 3798). Rarely in clear oceanic insular areas (Ref. 5217). Often found in schools (Ref. 3798). Juveniles encountered near the shore, over sandy bottoms near seagrass beds (Ref. 9626). Feeds on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 3798). Marketed fresh (Ref. 3798).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecundity | Larve
Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205).
McKay, R.J. and M. Schneider, 1995. Haemulidae. Burros, corocoros, chulas, gallinazos, roncos. p. 1136-1173. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9114)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesca: scarso interesse commerciale; Acquario: Acquari pubblici; esca: usually
Strumenti
Special reports
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Fonti Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.8 - 28.1, mean 27.1 °C (based on 282 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01349 (0.00851 - 0.02138), b=3.03 (2.90 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 46.7 [16.0, 86.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.58 [0.31, 1.03] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.4, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.145 [0.078, 0.231] g/100g; Selenium = 29.2 [17.4, 47.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 101 [41, 245] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.2 [0.8, 1.8] mg/100g (wet weight);
