分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 10 - 50 m (Ref. 9626), usually ? - 25 m (Ref. 9626). 熱帶; 14°N - 27°S, 83°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Panama to Santos, Brazil. Also reported in Nicaragua (Ref. 13613).
西大西洋: 巴拿馬到巴西的桑托斯。 也在尼加拉瓜報告。 (參考文獻 13613)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 90.8 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9626); common length : 35.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702); 最大體重: 2.0 kg (Ref. 5217)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 20 - 24; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 10. Silvery bluish on back, often with greenish reflections. Whitish on belly. Upper sides sometimes with inconspicuous minute dark dots. Soft portion of dorsal fin and caudal fin edged with black, pelvic and anal fins yellowish. Inside of opercle dark, visible externally. Mouth large, pointed, lower jaw projecting. Upper jaw with a pair of large canine-teeth at tip. Chin without barbel or obvious pores. Snout with 2 marginal pores. Gas bladder with a pair of curved, horn-like anterior appendages. Scales small, all cycloid (smooth). Soft dorsal-fin base with 1 or 2 rows of scales along its base (Ref 51721).
銀色的藍色背面, 時常有呈綠色的反光。 微白色的在腹面上。 上側面有時有不明顯的細小黑點。 背鰭的柔軟部位與尾鰭有黑色，腹鰭與臀鰭邊緣了淡黃色的。 在鰓蓋之內黑的, 看得見的外部地。 嘴大的﹐尖的, 下頜突出的。 在頂端上頜有一對大獠牙。 沒有觸鬚或明顯的孔的下巴。 吻部有 2個邊緣的孔。 氣鰾有一對彎曲的, 像觸角一樣的前肢。 鱗片小的, 所有的圓形.(平滑的) 軟的背鰭基底用 1 或 2 列的鱗片沿著它的基底 (參考文獻 51721) 。
Found over mud and sand bottoms in river estuaries. Occurs up to 50 m but usually less than 25 m (Ref. 9626). Marketed fresh and salted.
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
西大西洋: 巴拿馬到巴西的桑托斯。 也在尼加拉瓜報告。 (參考文獻 13613)
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 11 October 2019
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.8 - 27.9, mean 27.3 °C (based on 60 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00794 (0.00512 - 0.01231), b=3.07 (2.95 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.40 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 3.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 93.2 [57.6, 183.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.965 [0.503, 1.639] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [16.7, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.195 [0.107, 0.317] g/100g; Selenium = 64.8 [36.2, 121.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.7 [4.4, 26.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.17 [0.86, 1.67] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
