Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; payau dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 1 - 60 m (Ref. 9626). Tropical; 21°N - 26°S, 90°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Antilles and Costa Rica to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Also Honduras (Ref. 26938).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 11.1 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 31.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217); common length : 20.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 3702); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 500.00 g (Ref. 5217)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 11; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 24 - 26; Duri dubur: 2; Sirip dubur lunak: 7 - 8. Colour silvery grey, darker above. A dark spot at bases of pectoral fins. Pelvic and anal fins often yellowish. A medium-sized to small fish, short and robust. Mouth very large, strongly oblique, lower jaw projecting. Teeth very small and sharp, set in 1 or 2 rows along edges of jaws. Chin without barbels, but with 4 minute pores. Snout with 5 marginal pores, no rostral pores. Gas bladder with a pair of small, horn-like anterior appendages. Sagitta (large earstone) thick and short (Ref 51721).
Inhabits coastal waters, usually found over mud and sandy mud bottoms (Ref. 3702). Also in estuaries (Ref. 3702). Important food fish.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; umpan: occasionally
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 28.1, mean 27.5 °C (based on 186 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00800 - 0.00949), b=3.09 (3.07 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): Tinggi, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum kurang dari 15 bulan (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (25 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 177 [103, 341] mg/100g; Iron = 1.15 [0.62, 2.00] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [18.0, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.248 [0.133, 0.412] g/100g; Selenium = 49.5 [27.5, 92.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.4 [8.2, 54.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.45 [1.06, 2.05] mg/100g (wet weight);
