Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 5 - 185 m. Subtropical; 37°N - 20°N, 98°W - 74°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina to Georgia in the USA and the Gulf of Mexico (from northern Florida to Yucatan).
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 10.8, range 9 - 12.5 cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 7251); common length : 15.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 3815)
Found mainly on mud bottoms.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20.4 - 26.8, mean 23.8 °C (based on 120 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00645 - 0.02141), b=3.03 (2.87 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (tmax probably >3; tm=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 126 [71, 262] mg/100g; Iron = 1.48 [0.81, 2.70] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.7, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.452 [0.294, 0.735] g/100g; Selenium = 31.2 [15.2, 58.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.25 [2.96, 27.30] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.822 [0.572, 1.178] mg/100g (wet weight);