Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
marina bottenlevande; djupintervall 1 - 50 m (Ref. 9258). Temperate
Southwest Pacific: around New Zealand only.
Size / Vikt / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 32.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 9258); publicerad maxvikt: 600.00 g (Ref. 9258)
Inhabits coastal waters down to about 50 m (Ref. 9258). Juveniles gather in sheltered inshore waters, such as estuarine areas, shallow mudflats and sandflats, where they remain for up to two years (Ref. 9072).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver
Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan, 1989. New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series No. 19. 279 p. (Ref. 5755)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fiskeri: kommersiell; sportfisk: ja
Verktyg
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.7 - 20.2, mean 17.6 °C (based on 36 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01549 (0.00749 - 0.03203), b=2.94 (2.74 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.2 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (tmax=4; k >0.30).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
