分类 / Names
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Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
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Cichlidae (Cichlids)
麗魚科 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Oreochromis: Latin, aurum = gold + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (Ref. 45335); macrochir: From the Greek "macros" = big and the Greek "cheir" = hand, or pectoral fin in fishes, referring to the large pectoral fin (Ref. 52307).
More on author: Boulenger.
Issue
Status of and differences between O. macrochir and O. mweruensis are not clear; the latter is possibly restricted to Luapula/Lake Mweru/Congo basin and builds a star-shaped nest, in contrast to the more widespread O. macrochir which builds a volcano-shaped nest; origin (and identification) of introduced specimens is also unclear, but they mainly originate from Lake Mweru/Luapula (Ref. 88). See also Ref. 2, 33478, 55074.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 底中水层性; 深度上下限 5 - 14 m (Ref. 58302). 熱帶; 18°C - 35°C (Ref. 54042); 5°N - 25°S
Africa: Kafue, upper Zambezi, and Congo River systems, introduced elsewhere in Africa and in Hawaiian Islands. Also in the Okavango and Ngami region, Cunene basin, Chambezi and Bangweulu region (Ref. 5166).
非洲: Kafue ，尚比西河上游與剛果河流域; 在奧塔萬戈河與 Ngami 區域，庫內內河流域， Chambezi 與 Bangweulu 區域中也在非洲與夏威夷群島引入了其他地方。 (參考文獻 5166) 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 15.6, range 18 - 18 cm
Max length : 43.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 54097)
背棘 (总数) : 15 - 17; 背的软条 (总数) : 11 - 14; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 9 - 12; 脊椎骨: 29 - 32. Diagnosis: head profile steep (Ref. 2, 7248, 12524, 13337, 33478, 52193, 54167) and rounded (Ref. 315, 12524). Toothed area of lower pharyngeal bone with broadly rounded lobes; scales on cheek in 2-3 rows; caudal scales variable, not on the inter-radial membranes except at the base, and never stiffening the fin (Ref. 2). Adults with black (Ref. 2, 12524) or dark brown flecks in the temporal region, on the gill-cover (Ref. 2, 11970) and below the eye, mostly associated with openings of the lateral line system (Ref. 2). Adults without conspicuous mid-lateral blotches (Ref. 2).
鉴别: 头部轮廓鲜明 (参考文献 2,7248,12524,13337,33478,52193,54167) 而且圆的.(参考文献 315,12524) 有齿区域宽广地低咽骨有圆形的叶; 在 2-3 列中的在颊上的鳞片; 尾部的鳞片可变的, 不在动脉之间的薄膜上除了在基底之外, 而且没有硬挺的鳍.(参考文献 2) 成鱼有在当时的区域中的黑色 (参考文献 2,12524) 或者深褐色的斑纹, 在鳃盖 (参考文献 2,11970) 上以下眼, 大部份伴随着侧线系统的开口了.(参考文献 2) 成鱼没有显著的側面中央的斑塊。 (參考文獻 2)
描述: 身體縱深 (參考文獻 52307), 非常扁長形的 (參考文獻 56454), 有深的尾柄.(參考文獻 2,52307) 吻短 (參考文獻 2,52307),圓的,有時有凹的上面輪廓, 稍微寬度大於長度, 頭部的短於眶後部份.(參考文獻 1887,54167) 頭部發育一個陡峭的輪廓 (參考文獻 2,1887,7248,12524,13337,33478,52193) 隨著體型增大, 尤其在雄性中.(參考文獻 33478) 嘴相當小的 (參考文獻 1887,54167), 延伸到在水平正後方的前鼻孔.(參考文獻 56454) 在頜中的外部列齒增大的﹐細長的﹐和最雙尖又內部的齒細小的, 三尖瓣.(參考文獻 56454) 在頰 (參考文獻 1887,46242,54167,56454) 上的 2-3 列的鱗片, 寬度有鱗的部份地不大於眼直徑.(參考文獻 1887,54167) 後頸覆蓋著鱗片直到在前面眼中的第三的水平了; 眼圓, 它的直徑在稚魚中幾乎相等的眼間骨寬度, 稍微在一半的眼間骨寬度之上當成魚時; 咽齒擠在一起, 細長的.(參考文獻 56454) 耳石: 一般的橢圓形的輪廓而且適度發展的, 相當一般的裝飾; 稚魚的 sagittae 有一個 S-形狀的 sulcus 具有一個明顯的在 cauda 的末端附近的向上的彎曲, 時常伴隨著約略明顯的 cauda 的這一個部份的擴大; sagittae 裝飾由約略規則又圓形的癤瘤組成。 (參考文獻 56279) 鰓耙短的 (參考文獻 46242,54167) ﹐矛尖形的 (參考文獻 46242) ﹐和厚的.(參考文獻 54167) Vertebrae 16+14, 包括尾桿骨.(參考文獻 56454) 鱗片圓形的.(參考文獻 1887,54167,56454) 在側線 (參考文獻 1887,46242,56454) 的上半部中的 18-23個鱗片, 11-14 在較下面的部位中.(參考文獻 1887,11970,56454) 12個橫跨的鱗片; 10-12 前背的鱗片.(參考文獻 46242,56454) 持續背鰭棘長的.(參考文獻 1887,54167,56454) 第三根臀鰭棘大約等於最後的背鰭棘。 (參考文獻 56454) 胸鰭非常長的 (參考文獻 2,7248,52193), 達到臀鰭基底 (參考文獻 2,56454) 的一個垂直上方一些部份，稍微短於頭部.(參考文獻 54167) 腹鰭短於胸鰭,不完全達到排洩孔; 尾鰭覆蓋著末梢部地變得比較稀疏的小鱗片了。 (參考文獻 56454) 尾柄長達深或稍微深度超過長的.(參考文獻 54167) 生殖乳突大而長有小瘤的或在兩性的成熟魚中有荷葉邊的.(參考文獻 2) 在雌性中的沒有流蘇的兩裂的生殖乳突, 但是在雄性有很多的 (參考文獻 33478), 2 公分或者比較長的 (參考文獻 2,33478) 半透明的穗緣具有一個打結被一些長有小瘤的一滴產生的面.(參考文獻 33478)
體色 雌性與非繁殖期的雄性: 身體呈綠色的﹐銀色的或暗黃色, 有白色的或有時淡黃色的腹面; 吻, 上嘴唇而且頰部有 (藍色的-) 綠色的光輝; 鰓蓋與側面有時有帶紫色的色彩; 鰓蓋有輕微的大理石紋與深綠色或彩虹色的斑點; 前額關於側線開口具有一些深色的斑點; 眼睛有淡紅的色彩; 鰭淡灰色的, 通常以透明或暗色的末端到尾鰭; 吳郭魚-標誌可能是看得見的甚至當成魚時; 一些﹐主要小, 標本可能在尾鰭上展現達到 7-8 橫跨的列斑點; 在一些﹐主要壓力大, 情形, 7-9(10) 深色的縱帶,包括不完全的橫帶, 可能在側面上出現, 在後部地從眼; 甚至水平的斑紋可能出現的 1-2; 性慾強烈雌性顯示一些雄魚顏色但是到一個比較少的程度 (對背鰭的比較狹窄的紅色邊緣, 沒有在白色下面劃線的; 在暗色的區域的尾鰭末端那可能有一個紅色的色); 當產卵的時候或口孵, 雌性時常顏色較深部份地在下頜上, 鰭，環首桿, 吳郭魚-標誌在側面上或在不明顯的斑塊上; 包括前額斑紋的一個條紋花紋能被防禦繁殖期的雌性假定。 (參考文獻 33478) 繁殖期的雄性: 身體與中央的鰭深灰色的黑色有呈綠色或藍色的色.(參考文獻 2,33478) 腹面可能是顏色淡的; 一個顏色淡的區域從在頭部與背面的較前端的後頸頂端上的吻部; 在頭部上這淺藍色或綠色, 甚至微白色的區域是那可能有很多的深色斑點斑點對一個網狀質合併; 在背面上的鱗片有深色的中心, 延伸有斑點的圖案.(參考文獻 33478) 背鰭與尾鰭鰭的邊緣紅色的 (參考文獻 2,4967,33478,56454) 在後部地下面劃線有白色的, 或暗色的在小的雄性中.(參考文獻 33478) 像流蘇一樣的生殖乳突白色的 (參考文獻 2,7248,52193) 稚魚: 銀色的, 在身體上 6-10個細的直縱帶.(參考文獻 1887,7248,12524,13337,52193) 橘色的/淡黃色的鰭.(參考文獻 7248,12524,13337,52193) 尾鰭不規則有斑點在中心.(參考文獻 2) 保存的標本的顏色: 上方深褐色的, 腹面顏色較淡; 鱗片的基底深色的, 形成在系列之間的不明顯的縱向條紋; 在身體上的 8-10個深色的交叉條紋 , 與一個模糊的縱向條紋從鰓蓋到基底尾部的; 深色的鰓蓋斑點; 垂直的鰭有模糊的深色與淡色的斑點形成斜角條紋; 背鰭的頂端與臀鰭的末梢部末端微白色的; 在前面鰭條的基底的一個深色的斑點軟的背部; 吻深色的.(參考文獻 54167)
Prefers quiet, deep water associated with aquatic vegetation, but has been collected in other habitats as well (Ref. 12524, 13337). Found at temperatures between 18 and 35°C (Ref. 54042). Has a very low salinity tolerance (Ref. 2, 58). Occasionally forms schools, is mainly diurnal (Ref. 2). Feeds mostly on detritus (Ref. 87, 7248, 44661, 52193, 52307, 56192), (blue-green) algae (Ref. 12524, 13337, 44661) and diatoms (Ref. 246, 7248, 12524, 13337, 52193). Juvenile also accepts small invertebrates and zooplankton (Ref. 7248, 52193, 52307), but lose this tendency with age (Ref. 52307). Maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 87, 246, 314, 5214, 7248, 8600, 12524, 13337, 36094, 52193, 54042). Mating territory having a central volcano-shaped mound (Ref. 2, 246, 314, 5214, 12524, 55074) with a flat or slightly concave top, surrounded by a ditch and vallum, in contrast to O. mweruensis (Ref. 2). Flesh excellent (Ref. 5214).
有一个中央的火山的交配领土-形状的堆 (参考文献 2,246,314,5214,12524,55074) 具有一个被一个沟渠与壁垒包围的平坦或些微凹的顶端, 与 O. mweruensis相反.(参考文献 2) 偏爱安静, 深水域伴随着了水生植物, 但是已经也在其他的栖息地被收集.(参考文献 12524,13337) 发现在在 18 与 35 °C 之间的温度了。 (参考文献 54042) 有一个非常低的盐度包容。 (参考文献 2,58) 偶然地形成鱼群, 主要日行性.(参考文献2) 大部份捕食碎屑 (參考文獻 7248,44661,52193,52307,56192) (藍綠色)，藻類 (參考文獻 12524,13337,44661) 與矽藻。 (參考文獻 246,7248,12524,13337,52193) 稚魚也接受小型無脊椎動物與浮游動物 (參考文獻 7248,52193,52307), 但是失去這趨向隨著年齡.(參考文獻 52307) 母親的口孵者.(參考文獻 246,314,5214,7248,8600,12524,13337,36094,52193,54042) 肉優良的.(參考文獻 5214)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Breeds in summer (Ref. 2, 7248, 52193). The reproductive season lasts from September to March in the southern regions of the species distribution (Ref. 52307). Males construct (Ref. 2, 13337) and defend (Ref. 2) a nest in shallowish waters (Ref. 2, 13337), which is a central volcano-shaped mound (Ref. 2, 314, 364, 5214, 13337, 55074) with a flat or slightly concave top which is the mating platform, surrounded by a ditch and vallum (groove and boundary wall) (Ref. 2). The cone is higher than the boundary wall of the territory (Ref. 2). Spawns in waters up to 150 (Ref. 2) or 300 (Ref. 52307) cm deep, along banks of the lakes/river (Ref. 2). Males court several females in succession and females may mate with more than one male in a summer, so that large populations of young may build up (Ref. 5214, 52307). Several nests are often grouped into an arena (Ref. 5214, 7248, 36094, 52193). If a male can successfully attract a female to his pit, both fish will swim to the center of the nest; the female then deposits her eggs - about 10-50 per spawn - and the male, possessing tassel-like genital papilla approximately 25 mm in length, swims over the eggs; the female touches the male's tassels with her lips, stimulating him to fertilize the eggs; surely part of the sperm will fertilize the eggs in the female's mouth, but the majority of the fertilization takes place outside, in the crater of the nest; Wickler (1966) wrote that he observed a spermatophore-like structure in this species but Trewavas (1983) wrote that it was more likely a filament of the genital papilla, as she did not observe any spermatophores in this species under natural conditions; pair-bonding does not take place, as partners are only together during spawning; in the wlld, females have been observed spawning with one male and then seeking others out to continue spawning with, in the end brooding some eggs from each; depending on its size, a female can carry up to 1300 eggs in her mouth; eggs have a diameter of 3 mm and are greenish-brown in color; a female can raise multiple broods per season, at about 5·week intervals; brooding females prefer to hide in regions with thick vegetation and cover; fry may initially leave the mother's mouth even before yolk sack is totally absorbed, but remain close together and are reincubated by the mother at night or when threatened; after about 21 days, the babies (about
20 mm long) leave their mother; they spend their earliest days in the shallow waters near the banks, or in other regions that contain plenty of shelter; once they increase in size, they will begin to venture out into more open water (Ref. 52307).非洲: Kafue ，尚比西河上游與剛果河流域; 在奧塔萬戈河與 Ngami 區域，庫內內河流域， Chambezi 與 Bangweulu 區域中也在非洲與夏威夷群島引入了其他地方。 (參考文獻 5166) 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Trewavas, E., 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人类利用
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.00838 - 0.02612), b=3.01 (2.86 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.1 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.6 (1.1 - 4.0) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (K=0.23-1.0; tm<1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 15.1 [6.2, 80.0] mg/100g; Iron = 1.22 [0.57, 2.91] mg/100g; Protein = 18.1 [16.4, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.347 [0.123, 0.961] g/100g; Selenium = 66.1 [25.9, 145.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 19.7 [4.5, 80.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.07 [1.15, 4.89] mg/100g (wet weight);
