Issue
Needs a taxonomic reference.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino demersale. Tropical; 16°N - 20°S, 95°W - 71°W (Ref. 114953)
Eastern Pacific: southern Mexico to Peru and Chile, including the Galapagos Islands.
Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 114 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 111131)
Mainly coastal, benthic species with unknown biology (Ref. 114953). May reach 170 cm TL (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecundity | Larve
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
Chirichigno, N.F., 1974. Clave para identificar los peces marinos del Peru. Inf. Inst. Mar Perú (44):1-387. (Ref. 5530)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesca: scarso interesse commerciale
Strumenti
Special reports
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Fonti Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 18.6 - 28.6, mean 26.3 °C (based on 38 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00229 (0.00136 - 0.00385), b=3.11 (2.96 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Basso, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 4.5 - 14 anni (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (73 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 36.6 [9.7, 166.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.724 [0.187, 2.089] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [16.5, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.138 [0.060, 0.317] g/100g; Selenium = 54.3 [13.8, 153.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.5 [4.3, 29.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.85 [0.42, 1.50] mg/100g (wet weight);