分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 1 - 90 m (Ref. 5217). 熱帶; 35°N - 34°S, 92°W - 34°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Florida, Bahamas, Yucatan Peninsula and throughout the Caribbean to southern Brazil. Not known from the Gulf of Mexico except at the Campeche Bank off the coast of Yucatan, at Tortugas and off Key West.
西大西洋: 百慕達群島，佛羅里達，巴哈馬, 尤卡坦半島與在加勒比海到各處巴西南部。 已知不來自墨西哥灣除了在 Campeche 堤岸之外外海的尤卡坦半島的海岸, 在 Tortugas 與外海的關鍵向西。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 48.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 122 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5227); 最大體重: 25.0 kg (Ref. 5222); 最大年齡: 29 年 (Ref. 45400)
背棘 (總數) : 11 - 12; 背的軟條 (總數) : 16 - 18; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8. Caudal fin rounded in juveniles. Dorsal fin notched between forward spines; 3rd or 4th spine the longest. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin; scales small and greatly overlapping. Ground color tawny in individuals in shallow water, shading to pinkish or red in those from deeper water, sometimes with an orange cast. Can change color pattern in a few minutes from almost white to uniformly dark brown depending on mood. Third and fourth vertical bars branch above lateral line forming a W-shaped mark. Several distinct black spots below and behind eye and a characteristic `tuning-fork shaped stripe on top of head, dividing just behind the orbits. (see also Refs. 5221, 5222, 5227 and 2458).
尾鰭在稚魚中圓的。 在向前的棘之間的背鰭有凹槽的; 第三或第 4根棘最長的。 軟背鰭與臀鰭的基底覆蓋著鱗片與厚的皮膚了; 鱗片小而重疊很深。 在淺水區的個體中的底色黃褐色, 顏色變化成略帶桃色或者紅色的在來自較深的水域的那些中, 有時有橘色的外貌。 能改變彩色斑紋在一些細小的從幾乎白色到全黑褐色被依據心情而定的。 第三與第四個縱帶分支在側線上面形成一個 W 形的標誌。 一些明顯的黑色斑點在眼下面與後面與一個特殊的音叉形的斑紋在頭頂上，分開在眼窩正後方。 (也見參考文獻。 5221,5222,5227 與 2458).
Occurs from the shoreline to at least 90 m depth. Usually close to caves (Ref. 9710). Juveniles are common in seagrass beds. Diet comprises mainly of fishes (54%) and crabs (23%) and lesser amounts of other crustaceans and mollusks. It is solitary and mainly diurnal; but may sometimes form schools. Spawns near the new moon with up to 30,000 aggregating at certain spawning sites (Ref. 9710). The least wary and most friendly of all the groupers (Ref. 5226). Heavily fished and vulnerable to overfishing, particularly when migrating or aggregating to spawn (Ref. 9710). The most important commercial grouper in the West Indies. Marketed fresh, mostly between 2 to 10 kg (Ref. 3708).
生存於海岸線到至少 90 公尺深。 通常接近洞穴。 (參考文獻 9710) 稚魚常見於海草床。 食物主要地魚 (54%) 與螃蟹 (23%) 與比較少量的其他甲殼動物與軟體動物包含。 它是獨居性與主要日行性; 有時但是可能形成魚群。 在新月期的附近產卵多達 30,000 在特定的產卵區聚集.(參考文獻 9710) 最沒有小心的與最友好的是鱸科魚類.(參考文獻 5226) 很重地捕獲與易受傷害的到捕撈過度, 特別地當移動或者聚集產卵的時候.(參考文獻 9710) 最在西印度群島的重要商業的鱸科魚類。 在市場上銷售生鮮地了, 大部份在 2 到 10 公斤之間.(參考文獻 3708)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Most males and females display a bicolored pattern during spawning. Courtship behavior involves vertical spiral movement, short vertical runs followed by rapid aggregation then rapid dispersal and horizontal runs near the bottom. Sex reversal reportedly between 30 and 80 cm SL. Some primary males found recently (Ref. 5222). Protogyny was assumed in old literature, but dioecism (gonochorism) has been demonstrated. Pelagic spawner (Ref. 31572).西大西洋: 百慕達群島，佛羅里達，巴哈馬, 尤卡坦半島與在加勒比海到各處巴西南部。 已知不來自墨西哥灣除了在 Campeche 堤岸之外外海的尤卡坦半島的海岸, 在 Tortugas 與外海的關鍵向西。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
極危 (CR) (A4bd); Date assessed: 18 November 2016
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.8 - 28, mean 26.4 °C (based on 400 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.01020 - 0.01353), b=3.04 (3.01 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Musick et al. 2000 (Ref.
36717)).
Prior r = 0.43, 95% CL = 0.28 - 0.64, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 15.2 [7.2, 34.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.444 [0.224, 0.890] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.8, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.106 [0.063, 0.178] g/100g; Selenium = 46.3 [23.9, 93.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 201 [51, 791] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.995 [0.670, 1.432] mg/100g (wet weight);
