分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 9 - 100 m. 亞熱帶的; 42°N - 19°S, 19°W - 38°E (Ref. 114953)
Eastern Atlantic: northern Portugal to Angola, including the Mediterranean Sea.
東大西洋: 葡萄牙到安哥拉北部, 包括地中海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 158.5, range 153 - 164 cm
Max length : 242 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 150 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3710); 最大體重: 49.9 kg (Ref. 40637)
脊椎骨: 68 - 73. This large to very large species has a plain beige to brownish wedge-shaped disc; long and rather broad triangular snout with a broadly rounded rostral cartilage at its tip and wide oblique nostrils with a narrow anterior opening; disc thickened centrally, length 1.2-1.3 times its width, anterior margins slightly undulate, often weakly concave before broadly rounded outer corner; snout moderately acute, its angle 59-63°, tip narrowly rounded not extended forward as a distinct lobe; large orbit, length 5-6 times in preorbital length, 1.5-2 in interorbital space; rostral ridges are narrowly separated posteriorly and almost joined anteriorly; 2 fleshy spiracular folds, with innermost fold smaller; upper jaw with 62-72 tooth rows; large and oblique nostrils, its length 1.4 in internasal width, ca 81 nasal lamellae, anterior nasal flaps are confined to anterior margin of nostril; rough skin covered entirely with small denticles; well-developed thorns, usually along edge of rostral cartilage and small patches around orbits and above spiracles; each shoulders with 1-3 thorns that persist in adults, a median row of enlarged thorns extending from nape to first dorsal fin, a few thorns between dorsal fin; long tail ca 1.5 times its disc length; dorsal fins are large and widely spaced, ca. 2.1 times base length of first dorsal fin, apices narrowly rounded; pectoral fin radials 68-73; 204-212 total vertebrae (Ref. 114953).
嘴的脊狹窄地分開,幾乎加入前面; 前面的鼻葉延伸一點點如果任何的, 後鼻蓋狹窄的; 呼吸孔有兩個大約相同大小的發展良好的摺層; 在呼吸孔之間,刺眼窩的內緣的周圍呈現, 在肩上而且沿著體盤與尾部的中線; 上表皮褐色﹐腹面白色的, 但是通常在吻上的一個黑色的斑塊主要在稚魚.(參考文獻 6675)
A coastal and benthic species found on sandy and muddy bottoms, intertidal zone to at least 80 m depth. Feeds mainly on benthic crustaceans and small fishes. Maximum length would probably reach up to 265 cm TL, common at about 200 cm TL. Males mature at 138-154 cm TL, females at 153-164 cm TL. In the Mediterranean Sea, males mature at smaller size, about 100-110 cm TL and females at about 110 cm TL. Size at birth about 34 cm TL. Produces litters up to 20 pups (more common 6-7 pups) (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous, one or two litters per year, of 4-6 embryos.
棲息於沙泥底, 從影像水到大約 100 公尺。 慢地游泳於底部之上或部份地埋藏。 吃無脊椎動物與魚類。 卵胎生的, 一或二個胎窩每年,4-6個胚胎。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). One or two litters per year, of 4-6 embryos (Ref. 6675).東大西洋: 葡萄牙到安哥拉北部, 包括地中海。
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Raies et autres batoides. p. 845-886. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identificationpour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Mèditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3261)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
極危 (CR) (A2d); Date assessed: 03 December 2018
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.2 - 27.9, mean 25.4 °C (based on 94 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00363 (0.00143 - 0.00920), b=3.09 (2.87 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.70 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (55 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 17.6 [3.4, 77.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.666 [0.174, 1.900] mg/100g; Protein = 20.1 [17.9, 22.1] %; Omega3 = 0.226 [0.098, 0.530] g/100g; Selenium = 30.9 [8.2, 84.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 3.59 [1.33, 9.58] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.457 [0.227, 0.859] mg/100g (wet weight);
