分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Salmoniformes (Salmons)
鮭形目 (Salmons) >
Salmonidae (Salmonids)
鮭科 (Salmonids) > Salmoninae
Etymology: Oncorhynchus: Greek, onyx, -ychos = nail + Greek, rhyngchos = snout (Ref. 45335); gorbuscha: gorbuscha which is the Russian name for this fish in Alaska (Ref. 1998).
More on author: Walbaum.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 250 m (Ref. 50550). 亞熱帶的; ? - 21°C (Ref. 12741); 79°N - 32°N, 117°E - 120°W (Ref. 117423)
Arctic and Pacific drainages from Mackenzie River delta, Northwest Territories, Canada to Sacramento River drainage, in California, USA; occasionally as far as La Jolla, southern California; also in northeast Asia (Ref. 86798). On Asia side, from North Korea to Jana and Lena drainages in Artic Russia. In Bering Sea north of about 40°N and from Bering Strait northeast to Point Barrow and northwest to Lena estuary (Ref. 59043). Introduced elsewhere. Occasionally hybridizes with Oncorhynchus keta producing fertile offspring (Ref. 28983).
北極圈, 到中太平洋東部的西北: 阿拉斯加州與阿留申群島 (參考文獻 1998), 在美國的加拿大到南加州的來自西北地區的流域; Bering 與鄂霍次克海.(參考文獻 1998) 西太平洋: 俄羅斯聯邦 (參考文獻 1998), 韓國東部與日本北海道.(參考文獻 559) 進口在德國限制 (Anl。3 BArtSchV). 偶然地與產生肥沃的子孫的 大麻哈魚〔Oncorhynchus keta〕 雜交。 (參考文獻 28983) 在伊朗引入。 (參考文獻 39702)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 45.0, range 40 - 50 cm
Max length : 76.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 86798); common length : 50.5 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大體重: 6.8 kg (Ref. 27436); 最大年齡: 3.00 年 (Ref. 27547)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10 - 15; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 11 - 19; 脊椎骨: 63 - 72. Distinguished by the presence of large black spots on the back and on both lobes of the caudal fin; the young have no parr marks (Ref. 27547). Body fusiform, streamlined, somewhat laterally compressed; moderately, deeper in breeding males (Ref. 1998). Mouth terminal, normally very little oblique but greatly deformed in breeding males, with lower jaw enlarged, turned up at tip, mouth unable to close (Ref. 1998). Adipose fin large; pelvic fins with axillary process (Ref. 27547). Fish in the sea are steel blue to blue-green on the back, silver on the sides and white on the belly; large oval spots present on the back, adipose fin and both lobes of the caudal fin (Ref. 27547). Breeding males become dark on the back, red with brownish green blotches on the sides; breeding females are similar but less distinctly colored (Ref. 27547). Differs from Oncorhynchus mykiss by having the following unique characters: anal fin with 11-15½ (usually 13½ ) branched rays; 177-240 scales in midlateral row; 26-33 gill rakers; large mature males with enormous hump; juveniles lacking parr marks; and lacking pink to red stripe on flank (Ref. 59043).
區別的特徵為那在背部與尾鰭的雙葉上有大的黑色斑點; 幼魚沒有幼鮭橫帶。 (參考文獻 27547) 身體紡錘型,簡化, 略微側扁的; 一般, 比較深的在繁殖期的雄性中.(參考文獻 1998) 口端位又通常非常小斜角但是非常不成形在繁殖期的雄性中在頂端，與增大的下頜，出現了, 嘴不能關.(參考文獻 1998) 脂鰭大的; 腹鰭有腋窩的羽翼突起.(參考文獻 27547) 在海洋的魚是鐵藍色到藍綠色在背部上, 銀色的側邊上與在腹面上的白色; 大的橢圓形的斑點位於尾鰭的背部，脂鰭與雙葉之上。 (參考文獻 27547) 繁殖期的雄性變成黑的背部之上, 側邊上紅色的有褐色的綠色斑塊; 繁殖雌性是相似的但是更不明顯彩色.(參考文獻 27547)
An anadromous species which inhabits ocean and coastal streams (Ref. 5723, 86798). Epipelagic (Ref. 58426). Pelagic at the sea. In freshwater, lives in Montane and Piedmont rivers with moderate to fast current and gravel bottom. Spawns in riffles or at head of riffles in shallow water with current up to 1.5 m/s, and clean coarse gravel (Ref. 59043). Spends 18 months at sea after which spawning migration to the natal river or stream occurs; but because the species is less certain of its homing and there is a certain degree of wandering, streams as much as 640 km from natal streams may be used (Ref. 1998, 27547). Upon emerging from the gravel, fry immediately move downstream and remain inshore for a few months before going out to sea. Fry may feed on nymphal and larval insects while in fresh water, but may not feed at all. In the sea, young feed on copepods and larvacean tunicates, its diet shifting to amphipods, euphausiids and fishes as the fish grows (Ref. 27547). Other food include ostracods, decapod larvae, cirripeds, tunicates, dipterous insects (Ref. 1998, 27547). Fry may be preyed upon by birds and mammals while adults by marine mammals and large fish (Ref. 1998). Mostly sold canned (Ref. 1998) but also utilized fresh, smoked, and frozen; also valued for caviar, especially in Japan; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved, and baked (Ref. 9988). The smallest of the true salmon (Ref. 12218).
表層帶.(參考文獻 58426) 度過在海上的 18個月此後產卵迴游到出生的河，否則水流出現; 但是因為此魚種它的歸巢是比較不某些而且有一個流浪的特定程度, 溪流高達 640 公里從出生的溪流可能是使用過的.(參考文獻 1998,27547) 一從礫石出現，魚苗緊鄰移動下游而且在去向外到海洋之前保持近海數個月.(參考文獻 27547) 魚苗可能吃 nymph 的與昆蟲幼蟲在淡水中的時候, 但是可能根本不吃。 在海洋中, 幼魚捕食橈腳類的動物與 larvacean 被囊類, 它的食性轉移到片腳類動物, 磷蝦與魚當魚生長.(參考文獻 27547) 其他的食物包括介形蟲，十足目幼生，蔓腳類動物，被囊類，雙翅目昆蟲昆蟲。 (參考文獻 1998,27547) 魚苗可能是被鳥與哺乳動物捕食雖然成魚被海洋哺乳動物與大的魚.(參考文獻 1998) 大部份裝成罐頭銷售 (參考文獻 1998).，也生鮮利用,煙燻., 與冷凍; 也為魚子醬評價., 尤其在日本; 清蒸,油炸,火烤, 煮沸, 微波., 而且燒烤..(參考文獻 9988) 最小的真實鮭魚.(參考文獻 12218) 這種的阿拉斯加州鮭魚漁場已經被檢定藉由海洋的總管職務會議 (http://www.msc.org/) 當管理良好且族群能維持。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Adults develop secondary sexual characteristics during their upstream migration (Ref. 1998), which occurs any time from June to late September, depending on location (Ref. 27547). Male develop a humpback, an enlarged head and large teeth on both jaws that form a pronounced hooked type (Ref. 59043). The upstream run seems to be triggered by high water (Ref. 27547). Female builds the redd by lying on one side and using its tail, it displaces silt and light gravel to produce a deep trough. Male spends most of the time driving off intruding males. When the redd is completed, the female drops into it, followed immediately by the male. They open their mouths, vibrate and release eggs and sperm. In some cases, several males spawn with a single female. The eggs are then covered as the female digs a new redd at the upstream edge of the previous one. Adults live up to a few weeks after spawning before they die (Ref. 1998, 27547). Reported to die 10-20 days after spawning (Ref. 59043). About 1200-1800 eggs are laid. After hatching and the yellow egg yolk is absorbed, if the hatchling doesn't have a parr mark they go to the ocean and come again to the same birthplace stream the next year during spring after growing for 16-18 months. Survival rates are low, at 1-25% (taken from a Canadian river) (Ref. 12218). Reproductive strategy: synchronous ovarian organization, determinate fecundity (Ref. 51846).北極圈, 到中太平洋東部的西北: 阿拉斯加州與阿留申群島 (參考文獻 1998), 在美國的加拿大到南加州的來自西北地區的流域; Bering 與鄂霍次克海.(參考文獻 1998) 西太平洋: 俄羅斯聯邦 (參考文獻 1998), 韓國東部與日本北海道.(參考文獻 559) 進口在德國限制 (Anl。3 BArtSchV). 偶然地與產生肥沃的子孫的 大麻哈魚〔Oncorhynchus keta〕 雜交。 (參考文獻 28983) 在伊朗引入。 (參考文獻 39702)
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.5 - 9.3, mean 3.3 °C (based on 572 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00639 - 0.02064), b=3.08 (2.93 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2; tmax=3; Fec=800).
Prior r = 0.55, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.83, Based on 4 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 45.6 [17.1, 112.4] mg/100g; Iron = 1.15 [0.61, 2.52] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [18.5, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 1.17 [0.59, 2.42] g/100g; Selenium = 186 [56, 609] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.2 [3.4, 44.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.496 [0.313, 0.982] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
