分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Osmeriformes (Freshwater smelts)
胡瓜魚目 (Freshwater smelts) >
Osmeridae (Smelts)
胡瓜魚科 (Smelts)
Etymology: thaleichthys: thaleichthys meaning rich fish - referring to a high oil content (Ref. 1998).
More on author: Ayres.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 ? - 137 m (Ref. 6885). 溫帶; 61°N - 38°N (Ref. 26213)
North Pacific: Prince William Sound, Alaska to Monterey Bay, California, USA. Landlocked in Washington and Union Lakes in Washington, USA.
北太平洋: 聲音威廉王子，阿拉斯加到蒙德勒海灣，美國加州。 陸封的在美國在華盛頓州的華盛頓與聯盟湖。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 9.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 20.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27547); common length : 15.0 cm NG 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27547); 最大年齡: 3.00 年 (Ref. 12193)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 8 - 10; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 15 - 19; 脊椎骨: 55 - 61. Distinguished by its long upper jaw, which reaches at least below the middle of the eye in adults; the fine teeth in a single row on the vomer and palatine bones; and the 38 to 47 gill rakers on the 1st arch (Ref. 27547). Gill rakers long; lateral line incomplete and reaching not quite to below dorsal fin (Ref. 27547). Breeding males have tubercles on upper sides of paired fins (Ref. 27547). Pale olive brown dorsally, silvery white on sides and ventral surfaces; fins usually stripped along the rays, but inter-ray membranes clear;. Young are translucent with 2 rows of large black spots, on each side of the midline of the back, from head to caudal peduncle; peritoneum silver with light speckling. Spawning males with moss-green backs, and dense, black speckling on the head and dorsal surface of the body. The peritoneum is silvery with black speckling.
區別的特徵為它的長上頜了, 至少達到眼的中央下面當成魚時; 細齒在犛骨與顎骨上形成一列; 而且在第一上的這 38 到 47個鰓耙成弓形彎曲.(參考文獻 27547) 鰓耙長的; 側線不完全的而且不完全達到到在背鰭之下.(參考文獻 27547) 繁殖期的雄性在偶鰭的上側面上有小瘤。 (參考文獻 27547) 灰白的黃褐色的背面, 銀白色在側邊與腹面上; 通常被長條的鰭沿著鰭條, 但是在鰭條之間的薄膜清澈的;. 在背部的中線的兩邊上，幼魚半透明的有 2 列的大黑色斑點, 從頭部到尾柄; 腹膜銀色的有淡色的斑點。 生育期的雄魚有黃綠色背面 , 與在頭部與身體的背面上的密集又黑色的斑點。 腹膜是銀色的有黑色的斑點。
Found close to shore, in bays and estuaries and ascends coastal streams to spawn (Ref. 5723). There are landlocked populations (Ref. 5723) but these do not reach as great a size as sea-run fish (Ref. 27547). Anadromous (Ref. 96339). Individuals found in brackish and salt water feed on small crustaceans (Ref. 1998). Fish from the sea are reported to have good flavor, but supply is limited (Ref. 6885). Often abundant during the spawning run, but flesh reported to be soft and oily, easily spoiling (Ref. 1998).
發現接近海岸, 在海灣與河口中而且上溯到海岸的溪流到產卵.(參考文獻 5723) 有陸封的族群 (參考文獻 5723) ，但是這些不達到像海洋迴游的魚一樣大。 (參考文獻 27547) 個體發現於半鹹淡水了，而且鹹水吃小型甲殼動物。 (參考文獻 1998) 捕食海洋被報告有好滋味, 但是供應量有限.(參考文獻 6885) 時常豐富的在產卵迴游的時候, 但是報告的肉很軟與多油, 容易地腐敗.(參考文獻 1998)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Although most individuals die after spawning, some females apparently survive to age 3. It is not known whether or not these 3-year-olds spawned previously (Ref. 27547).北太平洋: 聲音威廉王子，阿拉斯加到蒙德勒海灣，美國加州。 陸封的在美國在華盛頓州的華盛頓與聯盟湖。
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 01 March 2012
人類使用
漁業: 自給性漁業
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 4.4 - 11.6, mean 8.4 °C (based on 196 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00372 (0.00178 - 0.00775), b=3.17 (2.99 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.35 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2; tmax=3; K=0.43; Fec=535).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).
