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Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)

Silver carp
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Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
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Classification / Names Populärnamn | synonymer | Catalog of Fishes(Släkte, Arter) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Cypriniformes (Carps) > Xenocyprididae (East Asian minnows)
Etymology: Hypophthalmichthys: Greek, hypo = under + Greek, ophthalmos = eye + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335)molitrix: molitrix, approximately grinder (referring to the pharyngeal grinding apparatus) (Ref. 10294).
More on author: Valenciennes.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ekologi

; sötvatten; brackvatten bentopelagisk; flodvandrande (Ref. 51243); djupintervall 0 - 20 m (Ref. 6898). Subtropical; 6°C - 30°C (Ref. 37797); 63°N - 8°N, 73°E - 148°E (Ref. 120939)

Utbredning Länder | FAO områden | Ekosystem | Förekomster | Point map | Utplanteringar | Faunafri

Asia: Native to most major Pacific dainages of East Asia from Amur to Xi Jiang, China (Ref. 59043) and Hanoi, Vietman (Ref. 120939). Introduced around the world for aquaculture and control of algal blooms. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction (Ref. 1739). Often confused with Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Ref. 59043).

Length at first maturity / Size / Vikt / Age

Maturity: Lm 51.7  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 86798); common length : 18.0 cm SL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 35840); publicerad maxvikt: 50.0 kg (Ref. 30578); rapporterad maxålder: 20 år (Ref. 121658)

Short description Bestämningsnycklar | Morfologi | Morfometri

Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 0; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 7 - 10; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 0; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 11 - 17. Diagnosis: Body olivaceous to silvery. Barbels absent. Keels extend from isthmus to anus. Edge of last simple dorsal ray not serrated. Branched anal rays 12-13.5 (Ref. 13274). It differs from Hypophthalmichthys nobilis by having sharp scaleless keel from pectoral region to anal origin, 650-820 long, slender gill rakers, head length 24-29% of standard length, and plain pale coloration, greenish grey above, whitish below (Ref. 59043).

Biologi     Ordlista (t.ex. epibenthic)

Found in their natural range in rivers with marked water-level fluctuations and overwinters in middle and lower stretches, swimming just beneath the surface. They feed in shallow (0.5-1.0 m deep) and warm (over 21°C) backwaters, lakes and flooded areas with slow current on phytoplankton and zooplankton (Ref. 30578, 10294). Bigger individuals from about 1.5 cm SL feed only on phytoplankton while larvae and small juveniles prey on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Adults breed in rivers or tributaries over shallow rapids with gravel or sand bottom, in upper water layer or even at surface during floods when the water level increases by 50-120 cm above normal level. Conditions for spawning include high current (0.5-1.7 m/s), turbid water, temperatures above 15°C (usually 18-26°C) and high oxygen concentrations (Ref. 59043). Spawning ceases if conditions change (especially sensitive to water-level fall) and resumes again when water level increases. Juveniles and adults form large schools during spawning season. Mature individuals undertake long distance upriver migration at start of a rapid flood and water-level increase, able to leap over obstacles up to 1 m. After spawning, adults migrate to foraging habitats, In autumn, adults move to deeper places in main course of river where they remain without feeding. Larvae drift downstream and settle in floodplain lakes, shallow shores and backwaters with little or no current (Ref. 59043). In aquaculture, it can survive brackish water (up to 7 ppt) when released into estuaries and coastal lakes (Ref. 59043). Escape from fish farms are widely known even as they are stocked in large rivers and almost all still water bodies like lakes and ponds. Utilized fresh for human consumption and also introduced to many countries where its ability to clean reservoirs and other waters of clogging algae is appreciated even more than its food value (Ref. 9987). One of among 3 or 4 species of cyprinids whose world production in aquaculture exceeds 1 million tons per year (Ref. 30578).

Life cycle and mating behavior Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver

Main reference Upload your references | referenser | Koordinator | Medarbetare

Skelton, P.H., 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)

  Near Threatened (NT) ; Date assessed: 20 January 2011

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Potential pest





Human uses

Fiskeri: kommersiell; Vattenbruk: kommersiell
FAO - Aquaculture systems: produktion, species profile; fiskeri: landings, species profile; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Ytterligare information

Trophic ecology
Födoslag
Födosammansättning
Födointag
Food rations
Predatorer
Ecology
Ekologi
Population dynamics
Tillväxtparametrar
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Rekrytering
Abundans
Life cycle
Reproduktion
Könsmognad
Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
Lek
Spawning aggregations
Ägg
Egg development
Larver
Larvdynamik
Anatomy
Gälyta
Brain
Otolith
Physiology
Body composition
Nutrients
Syreförbrukning
Swimming type
Simhastighet
Visual pigments
Fish sound
Diseases & Parasites
Toxicity (LC50s)
Genetics
Genetik
Heterozygosity
Ärftlighet
Human related
Aquaculture systems
Vattenbruksprofiler
Avelslinjer
Ciguatera cases
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Outreach
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References
referenser

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Estimates based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.6250   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00891 (0.00772 - 0.01029), b=3.10 (3.06 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref. 69278):  2.3   ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.6 (4.5 - 6.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10 growth studies.
Resiliens (Ref. 120179):  Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.16-0.29; tm=2-6).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (55 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Unknown.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 37.9 [16.1, 116.8] mg/100g; Iron = 1.37 [0.69, 2.65] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [16.1, 18.5] %; Omega3 = 0.306 [0.176, 0.554] g/100g; Selenium = 30.1 [16.4, 59.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.45 [2.15, 37.85] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.445 [0.263, 0.805] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.