Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
; Γλυκού νερού; Υφάλμυρο βενθοπελαγικό; εύρος βάθους 0 - 56 m (Ref. 11004), usually ? - 9 m (Ref. 1998). Subtropical; 0°C - 30°C (Ref. 35682); 66°N - 30°N, 124°W - 59°W (Ref. 86798)
North America: Atlantic, Arctic, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins from Nova Scotia to Mackenzie River drainage, Northwest Territories in Canada, and south to Ohio, Illinois and Nebraska in the USA; south in Atlantic drainages to Savannah River in Georgia, USA.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 19.2 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9988); common length : 19.1 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 12193); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 1.9 kg (Ref. 40637); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 11 έτη (Ref. 12193)
Inhabits lakes, ponds, pools of creeks, and rivers. Also found in brackish water and in salt lakes. Most commonly found in clear water near vegetation; tends to shoal near the shore during spring (Ref. 9988, 10294). Feeds on immature insects, larger invertebrates, fishes and fish eggs during the day. Preyed upon by fishes and birds (Ref. 1998). Spawns between February and July in the northern hemisphere and between August and October in the southern hemisphere (Ref. 10999). Neither anterolateral glandular groove nor venom gland is present (Ref. 57406). Marketed fresh or frozen; eaten pan-fried, broiled or baked (Ref. 9988).
Nonobligatory plant spawner.
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί; Ενυδρείο: Δημόσια ενυδρεία
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00920 - 0.01500), b=3.05 (2.98 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.7 (3.3 - 4.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 43
growth studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (K=0.17-0.19; tmax=11).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 30.3 [13.5, 69.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.379 [0.205, 0.696] mg/100g; Protein = 17.5 [16.4, 18.6] %; Omega3 = 0.157 [0.070, 0.345] g/100g; Selenium = 18.5 [6.2, 51.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26.1 [11.2, 61.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.785 [0.530, 1.181] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
