Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển Cùng sống ở rạn san hô; không di cư (Ref. 55747); Mức độ sâu 0 - 10 m (Ref. 27000), usually 0 - 5 m (Ref. 40849). Tropical; 34°N - 34°S, 100°W - 11°E
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Florida (USA), Bahamas, and northern Gulf of Mexico to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ref. 13628). Eastern Atlantic: Madeira (Ref. 13612), Canary Islands, and the coast of West Africa south to equatorial Guinea (Ref. 7404).
Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 23.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 7251)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 18 - 19; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 11 - 13; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 2; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 18 - 19; Động vật có xương sống: 11 - 13. Diagonal transverse row of cirri on a fleshy base on upper posterior part of each side of head; with 4 irregular dark brown bars; pale edged black spot on opercle; often a dark spot at front of dorsal fin; adult males with red on lower part of head, chest and abdomen (Ref. 13442). Robust, with a sharply pointed or sub obtuse head. Anterior nare is tubular and with an apical lid that prevents the penetration of sand particles (Ref. 94108).
Diurnal, bottom-dwelling species which occur in rocky and rubble shores with algal mats, reefs and seagrass beds. Generally at depths of a few cm (Ref. 13628). Usually seen resting in holes or crevices, and when disturbed quickly move to another crevice. This species is the largest of the labrisomids in the Caribbean region (Ref. 26938). Feed mainly on crustaceans and gastropods (Ref. 13628), brittle stars, sea urchins, fishes and polychaete worms (Ref. 13442). Oviparous, spawn in territories and exhibit paternal care of eggs (Ref. 55747). Larvae are pelagic which eventually settle down at the bottom as juveniles (Ref. 42064).
Exhibits paternal care. Mating begins with three stages of courtship: 1) attraction and identification of prospective mate; 2) arousal and appeasement by nudging (the female initiates this move); 3) synchrony occurs when the female starts to rub the rocky wall in the spawning territory, quivering her body against the rock, shaking her anal fin and keeping her dorsal fin erect, the male meanwhile remained perpendicular, biting the sides of the female's body, dorsal fin and upper side of head, and sometimes rubbing her body laterally with his tail. Release of eggs and sperm follows as the male and female bodies quiver. Nest fanning by the male parent comes after this range of display. Driven out by the male, the female moves away from the spawning area while the male continues to patrol the nest, swimming in circular direction and defending the area against other fish. Each cycle lasts for 65.3 seconds, becoming shorter in duration when there are two females involved in the mating event. One cycle is followed by another after the male has returned from patrolling the nest (Ref. 55747).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại; Bể nuôi cá: Tính thương mại
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.6 - 28.1, mean 27.4 °C (based on 940 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00933 (0.00470 - 0.01853), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (Fec = 5,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (13 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 74.8 [46.2, 116.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.701 [0.438, 1.126] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [18.1, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.128 [0.085, 0.193] g/100g; Selenium = 23.6 [13.4, 41.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 95.9 [35.7, 258.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.59 [1.14, 2.15] mg/100g (wet weight);
