Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 75 - 440 m (Ref. 7251). Tropical; 32°N - 33°S
Western Atlantic: Georgia, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; not occurring in the West Indies.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 31.6 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 115012); common length : 20.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5217); max. published weight: 556.60 g (Ref. 115012)
Found on soft substrate. Have a thick glandular tissue on posterior margin of fin spines which is believed to be venomous (Ref. 57406).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Human uses
Tools
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