Issue
Date and spelling Smith-Vaniz, pers. comm.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marinhas associadas(os) a recifes; intervalo de profundidade 0 - 150 m (Ref. 9710), usually 2 - 10 m (Ref. 40849). Subtropical; 44°N - 41°S, 180°W - 180°E
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ref. 57756). Eastern Atlantic: off Genoa, Italy in the Mediterranean (Ref. 4233) and from Côte d'Ivoire to Angola (Ref. 7097). Throughout the Indo-Pacific (Ref. 37816), but rare or absent in the Persian Gulf (Ref. 3287). Eastern Pacific: mouth of Gulf of California to Ecuador; including the Galapagos Islands (Ref. 9283).
Comprimento de primeira maturação / Tamanho / Peso / Idade
Maturity: Lm 64.6 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 180 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 26340); common length : 90.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 5217); peso máx. publicado: 46.2 kg (Ref. 40637); idade máx. registrada: 6 anos (Ref. 96992)
Espinhos dorsais (total) : 7; Raios dorsais (total) : 25 - 30; Espinhos anais: 2; Raios anais : 18 - 22; Vértebras: 24. This species is distinguished by the following characters: the upper jaw ending distinctly before eye (and to below anterior margin of eye in young); dorsal fin with a detached terminal 2-rayed finlet; anal fin with a slightly detached spine from the rest of fin and covered by skin in fish of larger sizes, then followed by a second spine continuous with the 18-22 soft rays, including a detached 2-rayed finlet. Colour dark olive-blue or green dorsally and on side, white ventrally with 2 narrow light blue or bluish white stripes along sides and a broader olive or yellowish stripe between them; fins olive or yellowish (Ref. 9894,90102).
Adults are found in oceanic and coastal waters, generally near the surface over reefs or sometimes far from the coast often around floating logs or other debris (Ref. 9283, 11230, 48635, 90102). May form large schools (Ref. 9283, 48635). They feed on invertebrates, mainly on larger crustaceans of the zooplankton, and small fishes (Ref. 9283, 26145). Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 4233). Good food fish (Ref. 9626) and a valued game fish (Ref. 26938); marketed fresh and salted or dried (Ref. 9283); also frozen and used for sashimi (Ref. 9987).
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1986. Carangidae. p. 638-661. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3197)
Status na Lista Vermelha da UICN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Ameaça para os humanos
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
Uso pelos humanos
Pescarias: altamente comercial; peixe esportivo: sim
Ferramentas
Relatórios especiais
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Fontes da internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.8 - 28.8, mean 27.5 °C (based on 5152 cells).
Índice de diversidade filogenética (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00598 - 0.01751), b=2.85 (2.70 - 3.00), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliência (Ref.
120179): médio(a), tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 1,4 - 4,4 anos (tmax=6; K=0.6 is doubtful).
Prior r = 0.58, 95% CL = 0.39 - 0.88, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (74 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16.7 [7.8, 29.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.662 [0.361, 1.202] mg/100g; Protein = 20.8 [19.7, 21.8] %; Omega3 = 0.214 [0.129, 0.359] g/100g; Selenium = 26.7 [13.8, 50.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26 [9, 73] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.384 [0.262, 0.578] mg/100g (wet weight);
