分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Issue
Some authors use the genus Triglopsis for this species. See the list of references in Eschmeyer (CofF ver. Sep. 2011: Ref. 88002). More studies are needed.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 58496). 極; 83°N - 41°N, 180°W - 180°E
Atlantic and Arctic: Baltic coast of Sweden, Finland, Russia and southwestern to eastern Poland; western coast of Sweden to northern coast of Norway, eastward to White and Barents Sea basins. In Siberia eastward to about Anadyr estuary. Landlocked populations in Sweden, central Finland and Karelia (Ref. 59043). Arctic drainages of North America (Ref. 5723).
北大西洋與北極圈: 通常在 60 ° N 之上但是在新斯科舍省達到 45 ° N。 倖存族群在深的而且寒冷的淡水湖泊北美洲與歐洲北部。 在伯恩公約的附錄 3 中 (受保育的動物群).
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2058); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2058); 最大体重: 260.00 g (Ref. 27547); 最大年龄: 14 年 (Ref. 12193)
背棘 (总数) : 7 - 9; 背的软条 (总数) : 13 - 16; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 13 - 17; 脊椎骨: 37 - 42. Identified by the four bony protuberances on the top of the head (the protuberances are smaller in females and young and absent in the freshwater form), the chainlike lateral line, the sharp spines on the preoperculum, and the absence of palatine teeth (Ref. 27547). Gill rakers reduced to rounded, spiny protuberances (Ref. 27547). Soft dorsal often much enlarged in adult males; caudal truncate to slightly rounded (Ref. 27547). Young gray above, with three or four dark saddles below dorsal fins and a dark spot on dorsal side of caudal peduncle; adults are darker; spiny dorsal fin dusted with black; soft dorsal, anal, pectoral and caudal fins have dark bars; pelvic fins pale (Ref. 27547).
鉴定特徵为在头部 (突起在雌性与幼鱼中比较小而且不存在于淡水的形式) 的顶端，链状的侧联机的四个多骨的突起 , 在前鳃盖骨上的锐利的棘, 与那缺乏颚齿.(参考文献 27547) 鳃耙缩小成圆形又刺状的突起了。 (参考文献 27547) 软的背部时常在雄性成鱼中的非常大的; 尾部的截形略圆的.(参考文献 27547) 幼鱼上面灰色的, 有三条或四个深色的鞍状斑在背鳍与一个深色的斑点之下在尾柄的背面两侧上; 成鱼比较深色; 刺状的背鳍有黑色色晕了; 软的背鳍、臀鳍、胸鳍与尾鳍有深色的横带; 腹鳍灰白的.(参考文献 27547)
Occurs in cold brackish and moderately saline water near the coast (Ref. 27547). Enters coastal rivers and may occur as far as 120 miles inland (Ref. 5723). Landlocked in lakes (Ref. 59043). Maximum depth reported at 100m (Ref. 35388). Benthic (Ref. 58426). Movements are limited to short onshore-offshore seasonal movements and mass movements of fry into shallow water in autumn (Ref. 28908, 28910). Moreover, there are no migrations of large numbers; movement into freshwater and long distances up rivers are apparently undertaken by relatively few individuals at a time (Ref. 27547). Diurnal from November to April but is largely nocturnal the rest of the year (Ref. 28905). Feeds on small crustaceans, fishes (Ref. 4968) and molluscs (Ref. 58426). Spawning takes place in shallow waters, male digs a groove in the gravel where pairing and egg laying occur. Move to deeper water in the spring, where they stay in summer (Ref. 35388). Landlocked populations are locally threatened (Ref. 59043).
出现于在海岸附近的寒冷半咸淡水与一般咸水;(参考文献 27547) 进入沿海的河川而且可能在内陆 120 哩处出现远达。 (参考文献 5723) 运动秋天时被仅限于短向陆及离陆的季节性的运动与鱼苗大规模的运动进入浅水区。 (参考文献 28908,28910) 而且, 有没有大的数量回游; 进入淡水与长的距离之内的运动从河口向上是由显然地进行的相当少见的个体一次.(参考文献 27547) 日行性从十一月到四月但是主要夜行的每年其他月份.(参考文献 28905) 吃小型甲壳动物与鱼 (参考文献 4968) ，也吃蠕虫。 产卵发生于浅水域, 雄鱼在成对与产的卵出现的砾石挖一个凹槽。 在春天移动到较深的水域, 在哪里它们停留在夏天中.(参考文献 35388)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Males become territorial and aggressive toward other males with the approach of the spawning season. Two or three days prior to spawning, the females become restless and swim about between short periods of rest. When a female swims over a male, he undulates his body from side to side and raises his spiny dorsal fin, If the female comes to rest near the male, he moves close to her in a series of short darts. Both then fan rhythymically with their pectoral fins, making a hole. The pair lie side by side, with the male's caudal fin twisted under that of the female. The male make rhythmic motions toward the female with his tail, and the motions apparently stimulate her to release her eggs (Ref. 28900, 28901). After spawning the female leaves the nest; the eggs are fanned and guarded by the male until hatching which occurs in the spring (Ref. 27547).北大西洋與北極圈: 通常在 60 ° N 之上但是在新斯科舍省達到 45 ° N。 倖存族群在深的而且寒冷的淡水湖泊北美洲與歐洲北部。 在伯恩公約的附錄 3 中 (受保育的動物群).
Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (20):183 p. (Ref. 3814)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人类利用
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): -1.8 - 4.3, mean -1 °C (based on 6042 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00580 - 0.00905), b=3.14 (3.08 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.62 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tm=3-5; tmax=14; Fec=792).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 73.6 [14.2, 243.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.358 [0.135, 1.153] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [15.8, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.493 [0.205, 1.367] g/100g; Selenium = 13.3 [5.5, 31.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.77 [2.06, 48.14] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.784 [0.313, 1.423] mg/100g (wet weight);
