Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 降海洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 20 - 350 m (Ref. 58488). 热带; 26°C - 29°C (Ref. 4959); 36°N - 35°S, 20°E - 167°W
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Samoa, north to southern Japan, south to the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819), Australia, and Lord Howe Island.
印度-太平洋: 红海而且东非到美属萨摩亚, 北至日本南部, 南至阿拉弗拉海 (参考文献 9819) ，澳洲与罗得豪岛。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 13.0, range 9 - 17 cm
Max length : 36.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9710); common length : 25.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 4967)
背棘 (总数) : 11 - 12; 背的软条 (总数) : 9 - 11; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 7 - 10. Diagnosis: This species is distinguished by the following characters: body oblong moderately and laterally compressed, greatest body depth 2.5-3.2 times in standard length; head length 2.3-2.6 times in standard length; lower opercular spine extending well beyond the opercular flap; posttemporal bone exposed and serrate posteriorly; pectoral fin rays 13-14; gill rakers 6-8 +13-16 = 19-24; pored lateral line scales 75-100; horizontal scale rows above lateral line 13-17; caudal fin emarginate (Ref. 48274, 90102).
延伸的下鳃盖棘越过鳃盖。 后期暂生骨在后部地暴露出来与锯齿状的。 体色是黄褐色上方, 腹面乳黄色的, 后颈深色的; 头部 , 身体而且鳍有与彩虹色的光辉。 三或四条弯曲的深褐色的条纹跑身体的从后颈到后部部份，最低的越过尾鳍的中央继续。
Found over shallow sandy bottoms, in the vicinity of river mouths. Enter estuaries and rivers (Ref. 1479, 11230, 44894, 48635), juveniles and adults are often found in freshwater (Ref. 4327). Adults in loose aggregations (Ref. 48635). Juveniles common in sandy intertidal areas; often in tidal pools. Minimum depth reported is 20 m (Ref. 12260). Found in schools (Ref. 9710). Omnivorous (Ref. 7300), feeding on fishes, insects, algae, and sand-dwelling invertebrates (Ref. 9710). Spawn in the sea and juveniles migrate into fresh water (Ref. 2847). Eggs are guarded and fanned by the male parent (Ref. 205). Produce sound (Ref. 9137). Caught on all types of inshore fishing gear including gill nets, traps, handlines, and bottom trawls and marketed fresh and dried-salted (Ref. 48274).
发现在水浅的沙底部上了, 在邻近河口。 进入河口与河。 (参考文献 1479,11230,44894,48635) 成鱼形成松散的鱼群.(参考文献 48635) 稚鱼常见于沙的潮间带的区域; 常见于潮池中。 成群出现.(参考文献 9710) 杂食性 (参考文献 7300), 吃鱼，昆虫，藻类, 而且栖息于砂中的无脊椎动物。 (参考文献 9710) 产卵于海洋中，而且稚鱼回游进入淡水之内。 (参考文献 2847) 发出声音。 (参考文献 9137) 在市场上销售生鲜地了, 干燥或盐腌.(参考文獻 12693)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Eggs are guarded and fanned by the male parent (Ref. 205).印度-太平洋: 红海而且东非到美属萨摩亚, 北至日本南部, 南至阿拉弗拉海 (参考文献 9819) ，澳洲与罗得豪岛。
Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989. Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p. (Ref. 7300)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 养殖: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 17.6 - 27.9, mean 23.7 °C (based on 917 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01585 (0.01280 - 0.01963), b=3.02 (2.96 - 3.08), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.24).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 116 [71, 223] mg/100g; Iron = 1.11 [0.71, 1.75] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [17.5, 19.2] %; Omega3 = 0.306 [0.183, 0.494] g/100g; Selenium = 62.8 [32.1, 121.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 37.9 [14.6, 97.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.19 [0.84, 1.68] mg/100g (wet weight);
