Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري; المياه العذبة; مياه مخلوطة القاع; نطاق العمق 1 - 140 m (Ref. 9895). Tropical
Indo-West Pacific: India eastward to the Malay Archipelago and the South China Sea, southward to the Philippines and northwest Australia; eastward to New Guinea (Ref. 9895). A related species, Cynoglossus gilchristi Regan, 1920 is recorded from Madagascar, the holotype (BMNH n°1903.9.29:2) being from Natal, off Umlanga River (Ref. 6806).
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 35.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 48637); common length : 9.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 9895)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 90 - 100; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 72 - 78; فقرات: 44 - 49. Ocular side yellow-brown. Dorsal and anal fins joined to caudal. Eyes both on the left side of the body, a narrow space separating them; asymmetrical mouth; rostral hook below mouth. Ocular side with 2 lateral lines. Only the left ventral fin present (Ref 28). With very irregular dark brown blotches, often forming irregular cross bands. Some rays of dorsal and anal fins dashed with dark brown. Scales ctenoid on both sides of body. Midlateral-line scales 78 to 99. Scale rows between lateral lines on eyed side 15 to 19 (Ref 9895).
Found on the continental shelf over sandy and muddy bottoms. Occurs in the lower courses of flowing rivers and in estuaries (Ref. 12693, 48637). Feeds mostly on benthic invertebrates. Sold fresh, frozen, or dried salted in markets (Ref. 6806).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Munroe, T.A., 2001. Cynoglossidae. Tonguesoles. p. 3890-3901. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9895)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.3 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 2476 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00468 (0.00287 - 0.00762), b=3.13 (2.99 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.41 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): عالي, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع أقل من 15 شهر (K=0.65).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (24 of 100).
