分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Issue
Genetic data indicate the presence of cryptic species with partial parapatric distribution. The species Paniliza macrolepis may be limited to West Indian Ocean lineages (Durand & Borsa (2015: Ref. 114224).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 降海洄游 (Ref. 46888); 深度上下限 10 - ? m (Ref. 40448). 熱帶; 32°N - 35°S, 22°E - 136°W
Indo-Pacific: east coast of Africa, south to Eastern Cape in South Africa (Ref. 52193), including Madagascar, Seychelles, Rodriguez; north to Sri Lanka and India (except Bay of Bengal), Andaman and Nicobar Islands, east to Indonesia, China, the Philippines, Japan, Marshall and Tuamoto islands, Melanesia and Polynesia (Ref. 2830). Distribution includes the Red Sea (Ref. 84159) and Persian Gulf (Ref. 66734).
印度-太平洋: 非洲東岸，包括馬達加斯加，塞錫爾群島, 羅德里格斯; 北至斯里蘭卡與印度 (除了紅海, 波斯灣與孟加拉以外), 安達曼群島與尼古巴群島, 東至印尼，中國，菲律賓，日本，馬紹爾群島與 Tuamoto 島，美拉尼西亞與玻利尼西亞.(參考文獻 2830)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 23.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4967); common length : 26.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4967); 最大年齡: 6 年 (Ref. 127264)
背棘 (總數) : 4 - 5; 背的軟條 (總數) : 8 - 9; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 10.
呈綠色的-灰色的背面; 側面與腹部銀色的; 鰭灰色的或藍色的有暗色的邊緣而且可能在基底顯得淡黃色的.(參考文獻 9812) 胸鰭有金色的基底, 與也許一個深色的斑點.(參考文獻 9812) 有不發達的腋窩鱗片。
Occur in shallow coastal waters, and from brackish water to freshwater regions of rivers (Ref. 41299). Form schools (Ref. 40448); in larger aggregations during spawning, which takes place at sea (Ref. 2830). Feed on small algae, diatoms, forams, benthic polychaetes, crustaceans, mollusks, organic matter and detritus; fry feed on copepods and floating algae (Ref. 40448). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Caught mainly during the spawning season and is sold fresh; the roe is highly appreciated.
出現在沿岸淺水區, 與從半淡鹹水到河的淡水區域.(參考文獻 41299) 形成魚群;(參考文獻 40448) 在較大的群集中，在產卵的時候，這在海上發生。 (參考文獻 3468) 捕食小的藻類，矽藻，有孔動物，底棲性多毛類動物，甲殼動物，軟體動物，有機物與碎屑; 魚苗吃橈腳類的動物與漂浮藻類。 (參考文獻 40448) 卵生的, 卵是大洋性與非黏性物.(參考文獻 205) 主要地在產卵季節的時候捕捉而且被賣生鮮地.; 魚白高度地被欣賞。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-太平洋: 非洲東岸，包括馬達加斯加，塞錫爾群島, 羅德里格斯; 北至斯里蘭卡與印度 (除了紅海, 波斯灣與孟加拉以外), 安達曼群島與尼古巴群島, 東至印尼，中國，菲律賓，日本，馬紹爾群島與 Tuamoto 島，美拉尼西亞與玻利尼西亞.(參考文獻 2830)
Nakabo, T., 2002. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition I. Tokai University Press, Japan, pp v-866. (Ref. 41299)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 16 September 2011
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.5 - 29, mean 28 °C (based on 810 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.01028 - 0.01542), b=2.94 (2.91 - 2.97), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.8 ±0.17 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 138 [59, 322] mg/100g; Iron = 1.09 [0.51, 2.31] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [16.5, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.25 [0.12, 0.56] g/100g; Selenium = 38.3 [18.7, 89.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.7 [4.8, 58.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.69 [1.14, 2.55] mg/100g (wet weight);
