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> Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) > Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Spicara: Latin, spicare = furnished with spike (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Issue
Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque, 1810 is a valid species (Ref. 124120). Species page to be created.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range पारिस्थितिकी

समुद्री; गहराई सीमा 30 - 130 m (Ref. 7349). Subtropical; 47°N - 28°N, 19°W - 42°E

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Eastern Atlantic: Portugal, Morocco, and Canary Islands including the Mediterranean and Black Sea.

Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age

Maturity: L_m 11.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 25.0 cm SL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 6518); 21.0 cm SL (female); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 160.00 g (Ref. 131232)

Adults are found in the neritic zone, commonly over Posidonia beds and on sand, muddy and rock bottoms down to about 100 m (Ref. 6518, 124120). They are distributed at depths of 30m to 90m (Ref. 56124). Feed on zooplankton. Are protogynous hermaphrodites. A demersal spawner (Ref. 124120).

Life cycle and mating behavior परिपक्व अवधि | पुनरुत्पत्ति | मछलीऔ का अंडे देना | अंडे | Fecundity | लार्वा

Sex reversal occurs at lengths over 10.9 cm TL in the northeastern Mediterranean (Ref. 93202). Also Ref. 103751.

Main reference Upload your references | संदर्भ | संयोजक | सहयोगीयो

Heemstra, P.C., 1990. Centracanthidae. p. 768-772. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 7349)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 22 August 2009

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

मात्स्यिकी: लघु वाणिज्य; आखेट मत्स्य: हां

FAO - मात्स्यिकी: landings; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

अधिक जानकारी

Trophic ecology
खाद्य पदार्थ
संघटक आहार
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Food rations
परभक्षी

Ecology
पारिस्थितिकी

Population dynamics
Growth parameters
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
भर्ती
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Life cycle
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Maturity/Gills rel.
Fecundity
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अंडे
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लार्वा
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Human related
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Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.

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सहयोगीयो

Taxonomy
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Summary page | Point data | आम नाम | Photos

इंटरनेट स्रोत

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 13 - 18.1, mean 14.5 °C (based on 87 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.01001 - 0.01201), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.2 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.

Generation time: 4.3 (2.3 - 6.1) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10 growth studies.

लौटाव (Ref. 120179): माध्यम, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 1.4 - 4.4 वर्ष। (K=0.24; tmax=5).

Prior r = 1.01, 95% CL = 0.66 - 1.51, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): High.

Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 97.2 [50.1, 179.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.597 [0.192, 3.121] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [17.7, 21.8] %; Omega3 = 0.671 [0.324, 1.563] g/100g; Selenium = 16.4 [7.6, 33.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 40.6 [12.6, 133.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.383 [0.147, 1.432] mg/100g (wet weight);

Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758)