Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Cynoglossidae (Tonguefishes) > Cynoglossinae
Etymology: Cynoglossus: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, glossa = tongue (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Kaup.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 10 - 110 m (Ref. 2683). ; 22°N - 18°S, 18°W - 14°E
Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania to Angola (Ref. 81291, 81682).
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 66.5 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 81682); common length : 25.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2683)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 119 - 125; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 93 - 99. Diagnosis: body flat and elongate; snout broadly rounded, its rostral hook rather short, extending to level of anterior nostril; angle of mouth extending backwards beyond level of lower eye (Ref. 81291). Eyes small and placed on left side of head and, unusual for cynoglossids, eyes well separated from each other, separated by wide interorbital space (Ref. 81291, 81682). Ctenoid scales on eyed side and cycloid scales on blind side; 12 caudal fin rays (Ref. 81291, 81682). 2, sometimes 3, lateral lines on eyed side and a single one on blind side (Ref. 81682). 89 (Ref. 81682) - 138 tubular (Ref. 81291) mid-lateral line scales. Generally 17-18, exceptionally 16 or 19, transversal scales between mid-lateral line and margino-dorsal lateral line (Ref. 81291, 81682).
Colouration: eyed side more or less uniformly brown, with greenish reflections in life; opercular region often blackish; blind side whitish (Ref. 81291, 81682). Sometimes black spot present at bases of posterior anal and dorsal fin rays; fins often spotted (Ref. 81682).
Found on sand and mud bottoms of coastal waters (Ref. 2683, 81682), including estuaries and fresh water lagoons (Ref. 81291). Feeds on (lamelibranch) mollusks, shrimps, crabs and fish (Ref. 28587, 81682). Sold as frozen filet under the name 'filets de sole' (Ref. 5377).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Menon, A.G.K., 1977. A systematic monograph of the tongue soles of the genus Cynoglossus Hamilton-Buchanan (Pisces: Cynoglossidae). Smithson. Contrib. Zool. (238):1-129. (Ref. 5297)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.2 - 27.9, mean 25.7 °C (based on 88 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00417 (0.00202 - 0.00858), b=3.08 (2.91 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.58 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 11.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (64 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 100 [46, 176] mg/100g; Iron = 0.763 [0.352, 1.316] mg/100g; Protein = 18.1 [15.8, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.104 [0.043, 0.228] g/100g; Selenium = 71.1 [34.4, 135.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 18.8 [6.6, 49.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.25 [0.87, 1.73] mg/100g (wet weight);
