Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري القاع; نطاق العمق 30 - 300 m (Ref. 3200). Subtropical; 43°N - 4°N
Eastern Central Atlantic: Madeira Island (Ref. 74541), Canary Islands, Senegal, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone; northward to southwest of Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean. Western Indian Ocean: Natal, South Africa (Ref. 3200).
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 124816); common length : 15.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 3397); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 70.00 g (Ref. 124816)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 62 - 70; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 64 - 75; فقرات: 40 - 43. Greyish, median fins darker; 4 round, white-edged, black ocelli on posterior part of body; white-edged black band across peduncle; black blotch on lateral line behind tip of pectoral; faint dark spots on anterior part of body (Ref. 3200).
Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms.
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Desoutter, M., 1990. Soleidae. p. 1037-1049. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 5304)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.8 - 24.9, mean 17.1 °C (based on 211 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00977 (0.00619 - 0.01542), b=2.96 (2.83 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (11 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 176 [62, 318] mg/100g; Iron = 1.21 [0.50, 2.38] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [16.7, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.279 [0.124, 0.554] g/100g; Selenium = 28.5 [14.1, 59.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.6 [5.8, 51.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.916 [0.585, 1.355] mg/100g (wet weight);
