分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays)
鰩目 (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
鰩科 (Skates)
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 17 - 462 m (Ref. 56504), usually 50 - 150 m (Ref. 27121). 亞熱帶的; 44°N - 35°S
Northeast Atlantic: from Spain (Bay of Biscay) to Morocco and Madiera, including the Mediterranean Sea.
東大西洋: 葡萄牙北部與在地中海到馬得拉群島與南非各處。 記錄來自加納利群島 (參考文獻 3167)了，但是發生需要確認。 (參考文獻 6808) 也在印度洋的西南方部份中。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 44 - ? cm
Max length : 63.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 39256); 59.7 cm TL (female); common length : 35.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2683)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0. Snout short and bluntly pointed; disc angular (Ref. 5578). Upper surface prickly only in young, nearly smooth in adults, underside smooth (Ref. 3167). Upper surface ochre to reddish-brown with scattered dark spots, underside white (Ref. 3167); two bright blue eyespots centered on the pectoral bases (Ref. 5578); may have a small dark spot on tip of snout (Ref. 2708).
吻短與頓尖的; 體盤有角的.(參考文獻 5578) 上表皮多刺的只在幼魚中, 幾乎平滑當成魚時, 下面平滑的.(參考文獻 3167) 上表皮黃土色到紅褐色的有分散的深色斑點, 腹面白色的;(參考文獻 3167) 二個淡藍色眼斑在胸鰭基底上集中了;(參考文獻 5578) 可能在吻尖上有一個小的深色斑點。 (參考文獻 2708)
Found over soft bottoms of the shelf and the uppermost slope (Ref. 5578). Depth range from 17-300 m, and up to depth of 462 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504). Feed on all kinds of benthic animals, also on fish offal (Ref. 5578). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 4.2-4.6 cm long and 2.7-2.9 cm wide (Ref. 41250). About 40-72 eggs are lain by an individual in a year (Ref. 41250). Caught by ski-boat anglers (Ref. 5578).
發現在大陸棚的軟質底部與最上面的斜坡上了。 (參考文獻 5578) 捕食各種的底棲動物，也吃魚內臟。 (參考文獻 5578) 卵生的。 明顯的成對出現。 幼魚可能傾向跟隨大的個體, 例如他們的母親.(參考文獻 205) 卵為長方形鞘囊具有僵硬的觸角沈積在沙灘或泥灘的角落.(參考文獻 205) 卵鞘是 4.2-4.6 公分長與 2.7-2.9 公分寬的.(參考文獻 41250) 大約 40-72個卵在一年中藉著一個個體生產。 (參考文獻 41250) 被雪橇船垂釣者捕獲了。 (參考文獻 5578)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). With egg-cases laid from spring to summer (Ref. 3167). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).東大西洋: 葡萄牙北部與在地中海到馬得拉群島與南非各處。 記錄來自加納利群島 (參考文獻 3167)了，但是發生需要確認。 (參考文獻 6808) 也在印度洋的西南方部份中。
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 04 January 2019
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.1 - 25.6, mean 17.6 °C (based on 383 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00182 (0.00152 - 0.00219), b=3.27 (3.24 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 6.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 14.6 [1.8, 262.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.723 [0.068, 8.569] mg/100g; Protein = 17.4 [14.6, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.651 [0.282, 1.514] g/100g; Selenium = 27.2 [5.1, 132.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.9 [0.6, 60.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.601 [0.041, 6.724] mg/100g (wet weight);
