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Gymnura natalensis (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911)

Butterfly ray
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Gymnura natalensis   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Gymnura natalensis (Butterfly ray)
Gymnura natalensis
Female picture by SFSA

Classification / Names Κοινά ονόματα | Συνώνυμα | Catalog of Fishes(Γένος, Είδη) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Ελασμοβράγχιοι (καρχαρίες και σαλάχια) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Gilchrist & Thompson.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Οικολογία

Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 20 - 100 m (Ref. 28016). Subtropical

Κατανομή Χώρες | Περιοχές FAO | Οικοσυστήματα | Παρουσίες | Point map | Εισαγωγές | Faunafri

Southeast Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean: Namibia round the Cape to southern Mozambique.

Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age

Maturity: Lm ?, range 150 - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm WD αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 3263); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 82.6 kg (Ref. 40637)

Short description Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία

Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 0. Broad diamond-shaped pectoral disc almost twice as wide as it is long; tail shorter than body with black and white bands and a small sting; tentacle at rear edge of each spiracle (Ref. 5578). Grey, green or brown above, often with darker mottling; white below; can change color of upper disc rapidly to match substrate (Ref. 5578).

Βιολογία     Γλωσσάρι (π.χ. epibenthic)

Occurs off sandy beaches, muddy estuaries and offshore banks. Found singly or in large groups (Ref. 5578). Feeds on a variety of fishes, crabs and polychaete worms (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Ability to change markings and color to blend into environment (Ref. 3263). Caught by offshore trawlers (Ref. 5578). Caught by shore anglers, it is prized for its strong fight when hooked, often released (Ref. 5578).

Life cycle and mating behavior Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). One year gestation; up to 10 young (Ref. 5578).

Main reference Upload your references | Αναφορές | Συντονιστής : McEachran, John | Συνεργάτες

Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. p. 135-142. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3263)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 24 April 2018

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Harmless





Human uses

αλιεία: ; αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
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Περισσότερες πληροφορίες

Trophic ecology
Τροφικά αντικείμενα
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Θηρευτές
Population dynamics
Παράμετροι Αύξησης
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Στρατολόγηση
Αφθονία
Life cycle
Αναπαραγωγή
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση
Maturity/Gills rel.
Γονιμότητα
Γεννοβολία
Spawning aggregations
Αβγά
Egg development
Προνύμφες
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Visual pigments
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Human related
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Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
References
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές

AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Γένος, Είδη | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genome, nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Δέντρο Ζωής | Wikipedia: Go, αναζήτηση | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 14.5 - 27.1, mean 25.3 °C (based on 72 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00351 - 0.01718), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref. 69278):  3.9   ±0.65 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref. 120179):  Πολύ χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού > 14 έτη (Fec=10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Medium.