Teleostei >
Centrarchiformes (Basses)
鱸形目 (Basses) >
Kuhliidae (Aholeholes)
湯鯉科 (Aholeholes)
Etymology: Kuhlia: Because of Heindrich Kuhl, 1797-1821; researcher also with lizards (Gekkonidae).
Eponymy: Dr Heinrich Kuhl (1797–1821) was a German naturalist and zoologist. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Forster.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 3 - 18 m (Ref. 5227). 熱帶; 32°N - 32°S
Indo-Pacific and Eastern Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the eastern Pacific, north to southern Japan, south to New South Wales and Lord Howe Island. Absent from Easter Island, Pitcairn, Marquesas, Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Island.
印度-太平洋與東太平洋: 紅海而且東非到東太平洋, 北至日本南部, 南至新南威爾斯與羅得豪島。 復活島，皮特凱恩島，馬可薩斯島，夏威夷群島與詹斯頓島沒有出現。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4967); common length : 20.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 30573)
背棘 (總數) : 10; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10 - 11; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 12. Preorbital serrae 11-14; body depth 2.75-3.05 in SL; caudal concavity 1.85-2.6 in head length; Silvery, the front of snout and chin blackish; caudal fin white with a median dark stripe and two broad oblique black bands across each lobe, the lobe tips white; a dusky band in outer part of soft portion of dorsal fin except for white tip of high anterior part. Juveniles (2.0-3.0 cm SL) have the median and outer black bands in the caudal fin lobes, but the middle band is represented only by a black spot basally in the outer part of each lobe (Ref. 41640).
眶前骨鋸齒 11-14; 體高 2.75-3.05 分之一標準體長; 尾部的凹窪 1.85-2.6 分之一頭長; 銀色的, 吻部前面與下巴黑色的; 尾鰭白色的有橫過每個葉的一條中央的深色斑紋與二條寬的斜黑色的條紋葉頂端白色; 在背鰭的柔軟部位的外部部份的一條暗色的條紋除了高的前部的白色頂端。 稚魚 (2.0-3.0 公分 SL) 在尾鰭葉中有中央而外部的黑色條紋，但是中央的條紋在每個葉的外部部份中被基部地只出現一個黑色的斑點。 (參考文獻 41640)
Tightly packed schools occur along the reef margin of rocky shorelines, from just below the breaking surf to a depth of a few meters. Young commonly in tide pools (Ref. 41640). Sometimes found in estuaries but reported to never enter freshwater environments (Ref. 41640). Feeds on free-swimming crustaceans and small fishes at night (Ref. 5213). Utilized fresh or dried salted (Ref. 7271).
緊密的魚群生活在沿著岩岸的礁邊緣, 從在碎浪區到深度幾公尺正下方。 幼魚通常在潮池中。 (參考文獻 41640) 有時發現於河口但是從不報告進入淡水的環境.(參考文獻 41640) 吃游離於水中甲殼動物與小魚在晚上。 (參考文獻 5213) 生鮮使用或乾燥鹽醃.(參考文獻 7271)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-太平洋與東太平洋: 紅海而且東非到東太平洋, 北至日本南部, 南至新南威爾斯與羅得豪島。 復活島，皮特凱恩島，馬可薩斯島，夏威夷群島與詹斯頓島沒有出現。
Randall, J.E. and H.A. Randall, 2001. Review of the fishes of the genus Kuhlia (Perciformes: Kuhliidae) of the Central Pacific. Pac. Sci. 55(3):227-256. (Ref. 41640)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 15 September 2011
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 水族館: 公眾的水族館; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.5 - 29.3, mean 28.3 °C (based on 3387 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01413 (0.00597 - 0.03345), b=3.06 (2.85 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.60 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 44 [26, 71] mg/100g; Iron = 0.575 [0.354, 0.901] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [18.2, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.133 [0.085, 0.208] g/100g; Selenium = 22.8 [12.7, 39.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 151 [50, 462] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.33 [0.94, 1.83] mg/100g (wet weight);
