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Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) >
Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Jean René Constant Quoy (1790–1869) was a French naval surgeon and zoologist who named many species, often with Joseph Paul Gaimard (q. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien rifbewoner; diepte ? - 50 m (Ref. 5222). Tropical; 35°N - 32°S, 110°E - 156°E (Ref. 5222)
Western Pacific: Japan to Australia. Unknown from the Indian Ocean except for the Andaman Islands record (as Serranus merra). Unreported from islands of Micronesia, Melanesia and central Pacific. Often misidentified as Epinephelus macrospilos or Epinephelus hexagonatus.
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm ?, range 18 - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 48635)
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 11; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal) : 16 - 18; Anale stekels: 3; Anale zachte stralen: 8. Distinguished by the following characteristics: whitish color; head, body and fins with numerous large close-set hexagonal to roundish dark brown to blackish spots; ctenoid body scales except cycloid dorsoanteriorly above lateral line, on thorax and abdomen; body with auxiliary scales; greatest depth of body 2.7-3.2 in SL; rounded caudal fin; pelvic fins, 1.7-2.1 in head length (Ref. 90102); head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; evenly curved dorsal head profile; snout subequal to eye diameter, snout length 4.6-5.3 times in HL; rounded preopercle or subangular; upper edge of operculum almost straight; posterior nostril diameter about twice that of anterior nostrils; maxilla reaches to or past vertical at rear edge of eye; 2-3 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw; lower jaw barely projecting in front of upper jaw (Ref. 89707).
Inhabits inshore silty reefs; there are no records from depths greater than 50 m. Feeds on shrimps, small fishes, worms and crabs (Ref. 89707). The enlarged fleshy pectoral fins appear to have resulted from its habit of sitting on the substrate. Solitary (Ref 90102).
Levenscyclus en paargedrag
Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Gevaar voor de mens
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30298)
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: commercieel
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.5 - 28.9, mean 27.7 °C (based on 504 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01349 (0.00855 - 0.02128), b=3.05 (2.92 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34 [16, 71] mg/100g; Iron = 0.584 [0.306, 1.188] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.8, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.125 [0.078, 0.197] g/100g; Selenium = 30.1 [16.9, 58.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 329 [88, 1,239] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.27 [0.85, 1.83] mg/100g (wet weight);
