分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) >
Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Dr Pieter Bleeker (1819–1878) was an ichthyologist and army surgeon commissioned (1841) by the Dutch East India Company. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Vaillant.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 30 - 105 m (Ref. 89707). 熱帶; 36°N - 17°S, 48°E - 153°E
Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf to Taiwan, Indonesia and the northern coast of Australia. Not known from Japan, but may occur here. It has not been found at any islands of Micronesia nor Polynesia.
印度-西太平洋: 波斯灣到台灣, 印尼與澳洲的北海岸。 已知不來自日本, 但是可能在這裡出現。 它有不被發現於密克羅尼西亞及玻利尼西亞的任何島。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 36.0, range 42 - ? cm
Max length : 76.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2852)
背棘 (总数) : 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 16 - 18; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 9. Recognized by the bluish lower half of the caudal fin and the lack of spots there compared to the upper half (Ref. 48635); characterized further by: generally brown color; head, body and fins with red to dark brown spots; body scales ctenoid, except cycloid scales on nape, thorax and ventrally on abdomen; body with auxiliary scales; elongate body, greatest depth 3.0-3.5 in SL; truncate to slightly rounded caudal fin; short pelvic fins, 1.9-2.4 in head length (Ref. 90102); head length 2.4-2.7 times in standard length; interorbital area flat to slightly convex; preopercle angle with 2-9 enlarged serrae, adults with a notch above angle; straight upper edge of operculum; scaly maxilla, reaching to or beyond vertical at rear edge of eye; 2 rows of subequal teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw (Ref. 089707).
在哪里辨识特徵为尾鳍的蓝色下半部与缺乏斑点相较于上半部。 (参考文献 48635)
Occur on shallow banks, but is not known from well-developed coral reefs (Ref. 27253) and adjacent soft substrate in depths of 30-105 m (Ref. 089707). Also found in silty coastal reefs and estuaries. Solitary (Ref 90102). Benthic (Ref. 75154). In Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Usually taken by trawling in 30-45 m or by hand-lining over rocky banks; not found from coral reefs (Ref. 11441).
生活于浅滩浅堆, 但是不知道是否来自发展良好的珊瑚礁。 在香港活鱼贩售。 (参考文献 27253) 通常在 30-45 公尺中采自了拖网或者在岩石浅滩上用手钓线捕获; 不从珊瑚礁发现.(参考文献 11441)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
印度-西太平洋: 波斯灣到台灣, 印尼與澳洲的北海岸。 已知不來自日本, 但是可能在這裡出現。 它有不被發現於密克羅尼西亞及玻利尼西亞的任何島。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 养殖: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.2 - 28.4, mean 27.4 °C (based on 472 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.00798 - 0.01986), b=3.06 (2.93 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 8.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tmax=24).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 63.8 [27.4, 146.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.814 [0.386, 1.864] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [16.0, 19.2] %; Omega3 = 0.191 [0.099, 0.351] g/100g; Selenium = 65.2 [30.8, 150.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 44.3 [10.7, 180.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.21 [0.77, 1.97] mg/100g (wet weight);
