Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي وابسته به آب سنگ; تغييرات عمق 0 - 180 m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 35°N - 31°S, 33°E - 134°W (Ref. 55)
Indo-Pacific: East Africa to the Hawaiian Islands, north to southern Japan, south to Australia.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن
Maturity: Lm 45.0, range 42 - 50 cm
Max length : 112 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 7196); common length : 90.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 5450); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 15.4 kg (Ref. 40637); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 32 سال ها (Ref. 125573)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 10; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 11; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 3; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body elongate and robust; very distinct horizontal groove on snout ventral to nostrils; teeth in both jaws in bands, with strong canines anteriorly; teeth on roof of mouth in chevron- or crescent-shaped patch on vomer and in elongate band on each palatine; maxilla without scales or longitudinal ridges; interorbital region flattened; gill rakers on first gill arch 7-8 + 13-16 = 20-24; preopercular edge smooth, sometimes denticulated in juveniles; last soft ray of both dorsal and anal fins well produced, longer than next to last ray; caudal fin forked; short pectoral fins, less than 1/2 length of head, about equal to length of snout; D X,11 soft rays; membranes of dorsal and anal fins without scales; tubed lateral-line scales 48-50. Colour of body dark green, bluish, or grey-blue (Ref. 55, 9821).
Adults inhabit open waters of deep lagoons, channels, or seaward reefs (Ref. 9710). Found in benthopelagic waters (Ref. 58302). Usually seen singly, but also in groups. They feed mainly on fishes, but also on shrimps, crabs, cephalopods and planktonic organisms (Ref. 30573, 48635). Mainly marketed fresh but also dried and salted. Excellent eating. Large individuals may be ciguatoxic (Ref. 37816).
Life cycle and mating behavior
بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | Fecundity | توزاد ( لارو)
Allen, G.R., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 6. Snappers of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(6):208 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 55)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
خطر برای انسان ها
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 4690)
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: با ارزش تجاري بالا; ماهي ها ي سرگرم كننده: بله; آكواريوم: تجاري
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.9 - 29, mean 27.9 °C (based on 2222 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01413 (0.01192 - 0.01674), b=2.94 (2.89 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.8 (3.3 - 7.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
جهندگی (Ref.
120179): متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (K=0.29; tm=4-5).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.18 - 0.42, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 19.1 [9.1, 35.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.514 [0.226, 0.991] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.2, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.153 [0.091, 0.252] g/100g; Selenium = 40.7 [20.9, 75.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 87.7 [31.2, 272.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.56 [0.42, 2.27] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
