分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Franz Steindachner (1834–1919) was an Austrian zoologist who specialised in herpetology and ichthyology. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Jordan.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 10 m (Ref. 3702). 熱帶; 11°N - 9°S, 46°W - 62°W
Western Atlantic: Guyana to northern Brazil.
西大西洋: 對 Belem 巴西的蓋亞那。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 110 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9626); common length : 45.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 21 - 24; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 12. Colour greyish above, whitish below. Dorsal fin dusky, upper margin of pectoral fins orange, pelvic fins and anal fin pale, caudal fin grey with a dark margin. Inside of mouth orange. Mouth large, distinctly oblique, lower jaw projecting. Tip of upper jaw without enlarged canines. Chin without barbels or pores. Snout with only 2 marginal pores. Pectoral fins much shorter than pelvic fins. Gas bladder with a pair of medium-sized, nearly straight, horn-like anterior appendages. Soft portion of dorsal fin almost entirely covered with small scales (Ref 51721).
顏色略灰色的上方, 腹面略白的。 背鰭暗色的, 胸鰭的上緣橘色的, 腹鰭與臀鰭灰白的, 尾鰭灰色的具有一個深色邊。 在嘴之內橘色的。 嘴大的﹐明顯斜, 下頜突出的。 沒有增大的犬齒的上頜的頂端。 沒有觸鬚或孔的下巴。 只吻部有 2個邊緣的孔。 胸鰭遠短於腹鰭。 氣鰾有一對中等大小的﹐幾乎是直的﹐和像觸角一樣的前肢。 背鰭的柔軟部位幾乎完全地覆蓋著小鱗片 (參考文獻 51721)了。
Mostly in brackish water swamps along the coasts; also entering freshwaters (Ref. 3702). Feeds on fish, shrimps and sometimes plants (Ref. 35237). Spawning takes place in the open sea. Important food fish (Ref. 3702).
大部份在半淡鹹水沼澤中沿著海岸; 也進入淡水。 (參考文獻 3702) 吃魚，蝦與有時植物.(參考文獻 35237) 產卵發生於開放海域。 重要的食用魚.(參考文獻 3702)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
西大西洋: 對 Belem 巴西的蓋亞那。
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 16 October 2019
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 實驗的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.7 - 28.4, mean 27.7 °C (based on 103 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00832 (0.00386 - 0.01791), b=3.07 (2.90 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.53 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 79.6 [48.9, 162.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.858 [0.433, 1.558] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.8, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.159 [0.082, 0.271] g/100g; Selenium = 44.7 [24.9, 91.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.5 [4.7, 33.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.17 [0.84, 1.68] mg/100g (wet weight);
