分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 30 - 100 m (Ref. 5222), usually 30 - 100 m (Ref. 5222). 亞熱帶的; 41°N - 8°N, 98°W - 25°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Central Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and east coast of US from North Carolina to Key West and along the southern shore of the Caribbean Sea. Juveniles are occasionally found as far north as Massachusetts.
中西大西洋: 來自北卡羅萊那州到的墨西哥灣與美國的東海岸調音西方而且沿著加勒比海的海岸南部。 稚魚偶然地被發現向北遠至麻薩諸塞州。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 33.2 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 107 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 89707); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3708); 最大體重: 14.2 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 21 年 (Ref. 6846)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 16 - 18; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 12. Distinguished by the following characteristics: four color patterns, first is brown phase with head and body pale brown covered with small reddish brown spots that extend onto median fins, second is cat's paw phase with pale brown body color with dorsolateral parts of body having several clusters of dark brown spots resembling the paw print of a cat, third is with large adults with grey-head phase with the rear two-thirds of the body dark, head and body anterior to the 6th dorsal-fin spine in silvery grey with dark reticulations and fourth is bicoloured phase with pale brown anteriorly and abruptly dark chocolate brown posteriorly; depth of body contained 3.0-3.4 times in SL; head length 2.6-3.0 times in SL; convex interorbital area; angular preopercle, angle with distinct bony lobe; serrate interopercle and subopercle; posterior nostrils of adults 2-4 times larger than anterior ones (Ref. 89707).
Found over ledges and high-relief rocky bottoms in the eastern Gulf of Mexico; at low-profile bottoms at depths of 30 to 100 m in North Carolina; this species was the most abundant grouper in areas of living Oculina coral formations at depths of 70 to 100 m off the east coast of Florida. This species apparently moved inshore when bottom temperature fell below 8.6°C. Juveniles found in shallow water at jetties and in mangrove areas.
在墨西哥灣東方中發現在岩架與深浮雕岩石底部上了; 在低矮的底部深度在北卡羅萊那州的 30 到 100 公尺; 這種是在活的 Oculina 珊瑚結構深度區 70 到 100個佛羅里達的公尺東岸外海中最豐富的鱸科魚類。 當底部溫度下降到 8.6個 ° C. 以下的時候，這種顯然地向海岸移動了 稚魚發現於淺水區了在突堤與在紅樹林區域中。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
中西大西洋: 來自北卡羅萊那州到的墨西哥灣與美國的東海岸調音西方而且沿著加勒比海的海岸南部。 稚魚偶然地被發現向北遠至麻薩諸塞州。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20.7 - 27.5, mean 24.4 °C (based on 130 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00933 (0.00426 - 0.02047), b=3.05 (2.88 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.09-0.17; tmax=21).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 11.7 [6.1, 26.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.425 [0.208, 0.783] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [17.7, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.224 [0.128, 0.407] g/100g; Selenium = 18.8 [9.1, 37.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 67 [18, 279] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.582 [0.373, 0.907] mg/100g (wet weight);
