Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; air tawar; payau berasosiasi dengan karang; kisaran kedalaman 2 - 40 m (Ref. 58047), usually 5 - 30 m (Ref. 9710). Subtropical; 42°N - 26°S, 98°W - 14°W (Ref. 55232)
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA to São Paulo, Brazil (Ref. 57756), including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Ref. 9626). Eastern Atlantic: St. Paul's Rocks and Ascension Island (Ref. 13121), Tinhosa Grande, south of Príncipe Island (L.A. Pereira (pers. comm.).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 32.4, range 31 - 36 cm
Max length : 128 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 40637); common length : 60.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 26938); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 28.6 kg (Ref. 40637); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 33 Tahun (Ref. 115050)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 10; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 14 - 15; Duri dubur: 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 8. Preopercular notch and knob weak. One of the pairs of canines in upper jaw notably enlarged, visible even when mouth is closed. Pectoral fins long, reaching level of anus. Scale rows on back rising obliquely above lateral line. Presence of a triangular bar between lower edge of eye and rear of mouth. Back and upper sides olive brown with bronze tinge, sometimes with narrow pale bars; lower sides and belly light reddish with a copper tinge. Young with a horizontal blue line below eye which breaks into a row of spots in adults.
Adults are common around rocky or coral reefs. Young are found in estuaries and occasionally enters rivers. Feed mainly on fishes and benthic invertebrates, including shrimps, crabs, gastropods and cephalopods.
Allen, G.R., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 6. Snappers of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(6):208 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 55)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
ancaman kepada manusia
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 55)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya; Akuarium: Akuarium publik
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.2 - 28, mean 25.8 °C (based on 522 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01514 (0.01339 - 0.01711), b=2.97 (2.95 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 11.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): Rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 4.5 - 14 tahun (K=0.10; tm=5.5).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.19 - 0.42, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 11.5 [5.9, 19.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.269 [0.156, 0.499] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [18.0, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.176 [0.097, 0.305] g/100g; Selenium = 28.8 [13.9, 56.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 96.7 [15.9, 482.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.254 [0.176, 0.396] mg/100g (wet weight);
