分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 非遷移的; 深度上下限 5 - 330 m (Ref. 13442), usually 70 - 330 m (Ref. 13442). 亞熱帶的; 35°N - 27°S, 98°W - 33°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Bermuda; strays occur north to Massachusetts.
西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到巴西南部, 包括墨西哥灣，加勒比海與百慕達群島; 迷途的魚出現北至麻薩諸塞州。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 54.4, range 35 - 98 cm
Max length : 125 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 26340); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大體重: 23.0 kg (Ref. 9710); 最大年齡: 25 年 (Ref. 5222)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 16 - 17; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 10. Color of head and body dark reddish brown, shading to pink or reddish below. Opercle with 3 flat spines, the middle one being the largest. Vertical fins angulate in larger fish. Pelvic fins shorter than pectorals and inserted slightly behind ventral and pectoral-fin base. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin. No saddle on caudal peduncle. Interspinous membranes not incised (Ref. 26938); head length 2.3-2.5 times in SL; convex interorbital; subangular preopercle, serrae at angle slightly enlarged; straight upper edge of operculum; posterior and anterior nostrils subequal (Ref. 89707).
頭部與身體紅黑色的褐色的顏色, 顏色變化成粉紅或下面淡紅的。 鰓蓋有作為最大的 3根平坦的棘，一個中央的。 垂直的鰭有角的在較大的魚中。 腹鰭短於胸鰭而且些微地插入後面腹的與胸鰭基底。 軟背鰭與臀鰭的基底覆蓋著鱗片與厚的皮膚了。 沒有鞍斑在尾梗上。 棘間膜不呈鋸齒狀的。 (參考文獻 26938)
Adults occur mainly over rocky and muddy bottoms. Uncommon around coral reefs. Usually rest on the bottom (Ref. 9710). Juveniles may be found in shallow water, but adults are usually taken from depths of 70-330 m (Ref. 13442). Feed on a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates. Are protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 55367). Most females transform to males between ages 7 to 14. Susceptible to red tide toxin (Ptychodiscus brevi) (Ref. 5222). Marketed fresh or frozen. The world record for hook and line, 39 lbs., from Cape Canaveral, Florida (Ref. 13442).
主要生存在岩石的上與泥底部。 罕見珊瑚礁的周圍。 通常停留在底部上面。 (參考文獻 9710) 稚魚可能被發現於淺水區，但是成魚通常被取自深度 70-330 公尺。 (參考文獻 13442) 吃各式各樣的魚與無脊椎動物。 一個雌性先熟的雌雄同體.(參考文獻 55367) 大多數的雌性對在 7 到 14 歲之間的雄性轉換。 易受紅色的潮毒素 ( Ptychodiscus brevi) 。 (參考文獻 5222) 生鮮或冷凍地在市場上銷售。 世界為一支釣， 39個磅記錄, 從岬 Canaveral ，佛羅里達。 (參考文獻 13442)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Sex change occurs at 75.5 cm TL and 9.5 years of age (Ref. 55367).西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到巴西南部, 包括墨西哥灣，加勒比海與百慕達群島; 迷途的魚出現北至麻薩諸塞州。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.5 - 25.7, mean 19.1 °C (based on 233 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01445 (0.00942 - 0.02217), b=3.00 (2.88 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 8.9 (6.9 - 10.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 15
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.1-0.18; tm=4-6; tmax=25; Fec=1.4 million).
Prior r = 0.64, 95% CL = 0.42 - 0.96, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (64 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 9.76 [3.62, 22.19] mg/100g; Iron = 0.41 [0.20, 0.85] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.5, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.176 [0.093, 0.338] g/100g; Selenium = 30.3 [14.5, 64.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 65.2 [15.5, 263.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.743 [0.486, 1.122] mg/100g (wet weight);
