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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Lethrinidae (Emperors or scavengers) > Monotaxinae
Etymology: Monotaxis: Greek, monos = one + Greek, taxis = disposition (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Forsskål.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
นิเวศวิทยา
เกี่ยวกับทะเล,น้ำเค็ม เกี่ยวกับหินโสโครก; ไม่มีการอพยพย้ายถิ่น; ระดับความลึก 0 - 100 m (Ref. 9710), usually 5 - 30 m (Ref. 9775). Tropical; 35°N - 30°S, 32°E - 122°W
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the Hawaiian Islands and southeastern Oceania, north to Japan, south to Australia.
Length at first maturity / ขนาด / น้ำหนัก / Age
Maturity: Lm 30.3, range 18 - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL เพศผู้/กระเทย; (Ref. 2295); common length : 40.0 cm TL เพศผู้/กระเทย; (Ref. 2295); น้ำหนักสูงสุดที่มีการรายงาน: 5.9 kg (Ref. 40637)
เงี่ยงครีบหลัง (รวม) : 10; ก้านครีบอ่อนที่หาง (รวม) : 10; เงี่ยงครีบก้น: 3; ก้านครีบอ่อนที่ก้น: 9. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body oblong, greatest body depth of adults about 2.2 in SL; head profile strongly convex in front of eye, the snout sloping steeply; eye large 2.7 (juveniles) to 3.8 (adults) in HL; inner surface of the pectoral fin base is densely scaled; pectoral rays usually 14; caudal fin forked with pointed tips; lateral line scales 44-47; scale rows above lateral line (to base of middle dorsal spines) 5, below (to origin of anal fin) 13.5; side of jaw with row of 5-7 molariform teeth. Color of adult silvery grey with narrow dark scale margins, lips yellowish, a large black blotch covering pectoral fin axil, quick to assume pattern of 4 broad, blackish bars on body, the pale interspaces covering 3-4 scale rows; juveniles with black bar through eye, body with 3 dark brown to blackish bars with the 2 posterior bars extending onto the dorsal fin, and each lobe of caudal fin with an orange band (Ref. 2295, 90102).
Found in sand and rubble areas near coral reefs. Solitary fish are often encountered, but large adults usually form aggregations of up to about 50 individuals (Ref. 9710). Solitary or in groups (Ref. 90102). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Nocturnal feeders (Ref. 9710). Feed mainly on gastropods, ophiuroids, and echinoids. Pagurids and brachyuran crabs, polychaetes, tunicates, and holothurians are consumed in lesser quantities. Caught mainly with gillnets, traps, spears, and handlines (Ref. 2295). Marketed fresh (Ref. 9775). Ciguatoxic in Marshall Is. (Ref. 171). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen, 1989. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 4690)
Human uses
การประมง: การค้า; การตกปลาเป็นกีฬา: ใช่; สถานที่แสดงสัตว์และพืชน้ำ: การค้า
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.6 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 1440 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01950 (0.01525 - 0.02494), b=2.98 (2.91 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
ระดับชั้นอาหาร (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
ความสามารถในการกลับคืนสู่ปกติ (Ref.
120179): ขนาดกลาง, เวลาต่ำสุดที่จะทำให้ประชากรเพิ่มขึ้นเป็น 2 เท่าใช้เวลา 1.4 - 4.4 ปี (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (76 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 13.8 [7.7, 30.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.142 [0.080, 0.282] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [17.5, 21.4] %; Omega3 = 0.0686 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 72.3 [36.9, 142.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 56.8 [17.8, 158.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.438 [0.335, 0.630] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
