分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 深度上下限 0 - 50 m (Ref. 106604).
Indo-West Pacific: eastern coast of Africa to Indonesia.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 115 - ? cm
Max length : 119 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 11441); 120.0 cm WD (female); 最大體重: 30.0 kg (Ref. 11228)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
A small devilray with a short head bearing short head fins; dorsal fin white-tipped, and pectoral fins with slightly curved tips; upper surface with no denticles and tail shorter than disc, with no spine (Ref. 5578). Dark brown above, white below (Ref. 5578).
Found in coastal and oceanic waters (Ref. 5578). Feeds on plankton (Ref. 30573). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Generally found in schools, leaping out of the water (Ref. 11228). Caught rarely in the tuna gillnet fisheries. Utilized for its gill filter plates (high value), meat, cartilage and skin (Ref.58048).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Probably giving birth to only one pup; born at ~31 cm WD (Ref.58048).
Randall, J.E., 1995. Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p. (Ref. 11441)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2bd+3d); Date assessed: 20 January 2020
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.9 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 1852 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
