Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
ນິເວດວິທະຍາ
ສັດທະເລ ອາໄສຢູ່ໃກ້ໜ້າດິນໃຕ້ພື້ນທ້ອງນ້ຳ; ລະດັບຄວາມເລິກ 0 - 270 m (Ref. 58496). Temperate; 4°C - 8°C; 77°N - 43°N, 28°W - 46°E
Northeast Atlantic: English Channel to Finmarken and Murman coasts and White Sea, also the Shetlands, the Faroes and southern and southwestern coasts of Iceland; southern part of Baltic.
ຂະໜາດ / ນ້ຳໜັກ / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 4700); common length : 14.0 cm TL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 4700); ອາຍຸສູງສຸດທີ່ເຄຍລາຍງານມາ: 3.00 ປີ (Ref. 722)
ຄີ (ໜາມ)ແຂງຢູ່ຫຼັງປາ (ທັງໝົດ) : 5 - 6; ຄີຫຼັງຂອງປາ (ຄີອ່ອນ) (ທັງໝົດ) : 6 - 8; ຄີກົ້ນຂອງປາ: 5 - 7. Unpaired breast row of plates absent, but paired plate rows cover whole breast. Snout with a pair of strong spiny hooks; numerous barbels on branchiostegal membranes. Dorsal plates 31-34 (Ref. 232). Spiny and soft dorsal fins almost fused. No spines on the hind part of the head (Ref. 35388).
Inhabits inshore waters, deeper waters in winter in Skaggerak, preferring sandy bottoms, rarely with stones. Maximum depth reported at 270 m (Ref. 28197). Temp. range: 4.0-8.0 °C. Feeds on bottom crustaceans and polychaetes. Matures after about 1 year; a few spawning in the second year (Ref. 722). The eggs are laid in seaweed (Ref. 9900). Spawns in February - April, female laying 2,500-3,000 yellow eggs with a diameter of 2 mm. Period of development is very long and 6-8 mm long pelagic larvae hatch after 10-11 months (Ref. 35388).
Ehrenbaum, E., 1936. Naturgeschichte und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Seefische Nordeuropas. Handb. Seefisch. Nordeurop. 2:337 p. (Ref. 40)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
ການປະມົງ: ທີ່ບໍ່ມີຄວາມສົນໃຈ; ຕູ້ປາ: ບ່ອນວາງສະແດງສັນນ້ຳຂອງລັດ
ເຄື່ອງມື
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ແຫຼ່ງອີນເຕີເນັດ
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7 - 11.7, mean 9.2 °C (based on 442 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00395 - 0.02652), b=2.98 (2.76 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
ຊັ້ນເຂດຮ້ອນ (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
ຄວາມຢືດຢຸ່ນ (Ref.
120179): ຂະໜາດກາງ, ປະຊາກອນຕຳ່ສຸດທີ່ໃຊ້ເວລາສອງເທົ່າ 1.4 - 4.4 ປີ (K=0.47; tm=1-4; tmax=3; Fec=2,400).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (26 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 66.7 [36.3, 143.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.486 [0.257, 0.865] mg/100g; Protein = 17.4 [16.0, 18.8] %; Omega3 = 1.1 [0.5, 3.1] g/100g; Selenium = 14.9 [7.8, 33.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 18.4 [5.7, 55.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.681 [0.485, 0.986] mg/100g (wet weight);
