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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Atractoscion: Greek, atraktos, arrow + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري قاعية التغذية و المعيشة; نطاق العمق 15 - 200 m (Ref. 3593), usually 100 - 200 m (Ref. 3593). Tropical; 14°N - 28°S
Western Indian Ocean: off Mozambique and South Africa.
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ?, range 65 - ? cm
Max length : 130 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 4373); common length : 90.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 9772); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 25.0 kg (Ref. 4373)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 10 - 11; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 25 - 32; شوكة شرجية: 2; أشعه شرجية لينه: 9 - 10. Body silvery (Ref. 4373).
Found in coastal waters, over sand muddy bottom. Juveniles enter estuaries. Adults feed on pelagic fishes at night. Often caught with Umbrina canariensis. Feeds on pelagic fish such as mackerel and horse mackerel (Ref. 36731). Marketed fresh, flesh highly esteemed (Ref. 9772).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; لعبة سمكه: نعم
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14 - 26.5, mean 18.7 °C (based on 131 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00415 - 0.01744), b=3.08 (2.91 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (K=0.27; tm=5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (83 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 44.8 [25.6, 94.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.725 [0.352, 1.348] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.4, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.217 [0.106, 0.379] g/100g; Selenium = 90.5 [45.3, 199.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26.7 [8.7, 87.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.651 [0.448, 0.988] mg/100g (wet weight);
