分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Dipneusti >
Ceratodontiformes (Australian lungfishes)
角齒魚目 (Australian lungfishes) >
Neoceratodontidae (Australian lungfish)
角齒魚科 (Australian lungfish)
Etymology: Neoceratodus: Greek, neos = new + Greek, keras = horn + Greek, odous = teeth (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: William Forster (1818–1882) was an Australian farmer, journalist, magistrate, poet and politician (1856–1876) who was Premier of New South Wales (1859–1860) once described by a fellow politician as: “disagreeable in opposition, insufferable as a [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 居於水底的; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243). 熱帶; 22°C - 28°C (Ref. 2060); 24°S - 26°S
Oceania: southern Queensland, Australia in Burnett and Mary River systems. Introduced successfully in southeastern Queensland.
大洋洲: 在伯內特與瑪麗河流域的澳洲昆士蘭南部。 成功地在昆士蘭東南部中引入。 國際間的買賣限制。 ( 引用2, 自從 1.7.1975 以後)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 83.4, range 81 - ? cm
Max length : 170 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 26188); common length : 100.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5259); 最大體重: 40.0 kg (Ref. 5259)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 0. Body stout and elongate. Dorsal fin originating on the middle of the back, confluent with caudal and anal fins. Body covered with large, bony, overlapping scales. The head is flattened, with conical profile. The eyes are small; the mouth is reaching about half the distance to eye. The pectoral fins are large and flipper-like in ventral position just behind the head; the pelvic fins are also flipper-like, situated far back on the body.
身體矮胖與細長的。 在背部中央上的背鰭起點, 與尾鰭匯和與臀鰭。 身體覆蓋著大的﹐多骨的﹐和部分重疊的鱗片。 頭部被平的, 有錐形的輪廓。 眼很小; 嘴巴達到大約一半的距離到眼睛。 胸鰭在腹的位置中是大而像鰭狀肢一樣的在頭部正後方; 腹鰭也是像鰭狀肢一樣的, 位於相距遙遠地在身體上。
Inhabits mud, sand or gravel bottoms (Ref. 44894). Sluggish species that prefers still or slow-flowing waters, usually in deep pools. During period of drought, it can tolerate stagnant conditions by breathing air, surfacing 1-2 times per hour; however, it lacks the ability to survive dry spells by aestivation; it is a facultative air-breather that will die if forced to depend on air breathing (Ref. 36739, 44894). The sound of the lungfish exhaling air at the surface prior to inhaling a fresh breath has been likened to that made by a small bellows. Nocturnally active (Ref. 44894). Feeds on frogs, tadpoles, fishes, shrimp, earthworms, snails, aquatic plants and native fruits fallen from trees overhanging the creeks (Ref. 36739, 44894). It browses among the detritus, using its electroreceptors to pick up hidden mollusks, worms or crustaceans. Protected by law. Fossil records show that this species remained virtually unchanged for over 380 million years. The Steinhart Aquarium in San Francisco had a specimen of 1 m length, 20 kg weight, and more than 65 years of age. In 1933, an Australian lungfish was transported as a fully mature male (10 yrs. old at maturity) to the Shedd Aquarium, Chicago (C. Skonieczny, pers. comm. 11/08, e-mail: CSkonieczny@sheddaquarium.org). But this fish named Granddad, died in 2017 at the age of 95 (Ref 125841). By default, another individual which was brought to the California Academy of Sciences Aquarium in 1938 from Australia becomes the oldest at the age of 90 years. Biologists at the aquarium believe that Methuselah, as it is fondly called, is a female which measures 120 m and weighs 18,100 g (Ref. 125841).
偏愛靜止或流動很慢水域的緩動性的種, 通常在深水池。 在乾旱的期間，它能藉由呼吸空氣容忍污濁環境, 升至水面 1-2 倍每小時; 然而，它缺乏能力平安渡過夏蟄的乾旱期; 如果強迫仰賴空氣呼吸，它是將死的一個官能性呼吸空氣的魚類。 (參考文獻 36739) 吃被從懸於小溪之上的樹掉下的青蛙，蝌蚪，魚，蝦，蚯蚓，蝸牛, 水生植物與原生的果實。 (參考文獻 36739) 它在碎屑之中吃, 使用它的電感受體拾起隱藏的軟體動物，蠕蟲或甲殼動物。 藉著法律被保護。 化石記錄顯示這種保持事實上不變超過一億年。 在舊金山的 Steinhart 水族館有了 1 的標本公尺長度， 20 公斤重量 , 與超過 65 歲。 傳送的一個澳洲的肺魚作為一個完全成熟的雄魚 (大約 20個歲舊的成熟時) 到 Shedd 水族館, 芝加哥在 1933 年可能是接近 100 歲從 2005 年起 (C. Skonieczny ， pers. comm。, 電子郵件: CSkonieczny@sheddaquarium.org).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
The lungfish spawns from August to October; the eggs resemble small transparent grapes and are frequently found attached to floating stands of water-hyacinth. Spawning appears to occur in a series of three phases: in the first, a pair of fish move together, roaming about an area, presumably in search of a suitable spawning site; in the second presumably the male follows the female, nudging her flanks; finally, the fish plunge through the surrounding weed, the male following the female and fertilising the eggs as they are shed.大洋洲: 在伯內特與瑪麗河流域的澳洲昆士蘭南部。 成功地在昆士蘭東南部中引入。 國際間的買賣限制。 ( 引用2, 自從 1.7.1975 以後)
Allen, G.R., 1989. Freshwater fishes of Australia. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey. (Ref. 5259)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
瀕危 (EN) (B2ab(ii,iii)); Date assessed: 13 February 2019
人類使用
漁業: 自給性漁業
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 2.0039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00180 - 0.00842), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.54 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 10.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (K=0.11; tmax >30; tm approx. 15-20 yrs.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).
