Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut berasosiasi dengan karang; amphidromus (Ref. 51243); kisaran kedalaman ? - 700 m (Ref. 100719), usually 20 - 60 m (Ref. 54876). Tropical; 30°N - 35°S, 32°E - 155°E
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and east coast of Africa (except Kenya), including Madagascar to the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea (Ref. 9819), and further east to southeast Asia and Australia. Does not appear to occur in the central or eastern Pacific.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 28.6, range 19 - 35 cm
Max length : 60.0 cm FL jantan/; (Ref. 1287); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 7 Tahun (Ref. 1287)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 11 - 13; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 10 - 11. Body is cigar-shaped, rounded or slightly compressed; the head pointed and depressed; the snout broader than long. Color is generally brown above and silver below; the back with faint cross bands. The tips of the dorsal and pectorals and the lower caudal lobe blackish.
Found on muddy bottoms (Ref. 30573) and trawling grounds (Ref. 58652). Adults feed on fishes, crustaceans, and squids (Ref. 30573). Sold fresh.
Cressey, R.F. and R.S. Waples, 1984. Synodontidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Volume 4. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3520)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 18.4 - 29.1, mean 27.9 °C (based on 2178 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00525 (0.00451 - 0.00611), b=3.12 (3.08 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.7 (2.0 - 6.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 34
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.08-0.44; tmax=7; Fec=91,389).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 28.4 [9.9, 60.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.402 [0.142, 0.934] mg/100g; Protein = 15.3 [12.8, 17.7] %; Omega3 = 0.0709 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 59.9 [23.1, 129.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 84.7 [22.2, 290.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.71 [0.41, 1.07] mg/100g (wet weight);
