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Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) > Torpediniformes (Electric rays) > Narkidae (Sleeper rays)
Eponymy: Major-General Thomas Hardwicke (1756–1835) served in the Bengal army of the Honourable East India Company. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Gray.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Marine; demersal. Tropical; 13°N - 2°N, 92°E - 111°E (Ref. 114953)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Eastern Indian Ocean and North-West Pacific; Thailand to Vietnam, including Malaysia.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 11.5, range 11 - 12 cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9913)

Found in continental waters, both inshore and offshore (Ref. 9913); primarily inshore on soft substrates (Ref. 114953). Probably feeds on small benthic invertebrates. Females reported to produce 4 pups a litter (Ref. 114953). Biology little known (Ref. 9913). Maturity size of males reaches at 8-10 cm TL (Ref. 114953).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator : Carvalho, Marcelo | Collaborators

Compagno, L.J.V. and P.R. Last, 1999. Narkidae. Sleeper rays. p. 1443-1446. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9913)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Vulnerable (VU) (A2d); Date assessed: 31 October 2020

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Other

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial; aquarium: public aquariums

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 23.2 - 28.4, mean 27.3 °C (based on 365 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 1.0002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.3 ±0.3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

Resilience (Ref. 120179): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Assuming fecundity<100).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

Temera hardwickii Gray, 1831