分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Torpediniformes (Electric rays) >
Narkidae (Sleeper rays)
Eponymy: Major-General Thomas Hardwicke (1756–1835) served in the Bengal army of the Honourable East India Company. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Gray.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的. 熱帶; 13°N - 2°N, 92°E - 111°E (Ref. 114953)
Eastern Indian Ocean and North-West Pacific; Thailand to Vietnam, including Malaysia.
印度-西太平洋: 在泰緬邊界南方經過麻六甲海峽與馬來半島到新加坡與越南附近的安達曼海, 出現外海的泰國，但是海岸與地點不確定。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 11.5, range 11 - 12 cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9913)
Found in continental waters, both inshore and offshore (Ref. 9913); primarily inshore on soft substrates (Ref. 114953). Probably feeds on small benthic invertebrates. Females reported to produce 4 pups a litter (Ref. 114953). Biology little known (Ref. 9913). Maturity size of males reaches at 8-10 cm TL (Ref. 114953).
發現於大陸的水域，岸邊與外海了。 (參考文獻 9913) 生物學特性知道的很少.(參考文獻 9913)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-西太平洋: 在泰緬邊界南方經過麻六甲海峽與馬來半島到新加坡與越南附近的安達曼海, 出現外海的泰國，但是海岸與地點不確定。
Compagno, L.J.V. and P.R. Last, 1999. Narkidae. Sleeper rays. p. 1443-1446. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9913)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
工具
特別的報告
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網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.2 - 28.4, mean 27.3 °C (based on 365 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Assuming fecundity<100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
