Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 19 - 130 m (Ref. 26938). Subtropical; 37°N - 7°N, 98°W - 59°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina to southern Florida, USA, northern Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Colombia to Trinidad and Tobago.
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 71.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 26938); common length : 35.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 3275); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 2.8 kg (Ref. 40637)
Occurs in bays, lagoons and shallow coastal waters (Ref. 7251). Inhabits mainly hard and sandy bottoms (Ref. 3275).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας; αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.1 - 27.5, mean 24.2 °C (based on 84 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00289 - 0.01442), b=3.17 (2.99 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 58.7 [24.8, 117.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.916 [0.426, 1.695] mg/100g; Protein = 16.6 [14.2, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.204 [0.109, 0.378] g/100g; Selenium = 32.1 [13.9, 72.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.1 [2.7, 46.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.411 [0.267, 0.633] mg/100g (wet weight);